Which of the following is the smallest uoz jb-;vnw 2t(v-;qtk/5ue zxnit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of wates3ss)vjj +(+hk:k7xdq 3t2fct s0 apqr by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kio8ni;6; qkxbzi1q-)46dyw iot*bn c tnetic energy of individual molecules is referred tokn4 y1wci;q8t nob6;z* x tiqb io)-d6 as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming poo/-)fuxim.uh ll of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, ix/mhu-lf) . iun both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ; +z :hjzmy 8 xge)8 qw5mdjqz+tadh+6ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is halfg:nlmvxed--r0 j nr0 .e o09xl the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final interx00g-l:o0 v.rel9e d-m rnjn xnal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U2v-ynuy4 ze g 2k3o0ooon4 hk5 at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is tha/n hyai5ifp8(t) n /pit

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific he8 (,z nknk0e1v a14dspz lqw0xwer/q5at capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initialnd0e8z 1k(ql 4zwq/s, xk5pr1nw aev0ly in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a col-t vfjv3se5hi:15fi fd piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object expe:fstihe5j 5- if13 vvfriences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a s +0 jubb odqy)h83pyp;*w mk+xubstance from the solid to the liquid state is referred toub+m;)0*j w+pox8bkpy h3 d yq as the

  The heat required to change a substan2+y,h ang7sc9hv:huj64 x +j gt)mjgp ce from the liquid to the vapor state is refj h7jjxtc+m)a pg g:v926hgu4+ ,hns yerred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady ysgox t,1)0z)c*p7tonaly7k ir /;q yrate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes+jlu/h txitv.wp)qw ,97rv ) q

  When a liquid evaporate 7+i-3+v.kg xhnvtfxc, a kypd 8f,zs;s

  When a vapor condenses p .qopto)d52p

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into wa0ms48y0)lma)* ad oad k u*)ubalg.du:c+xx ater droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in ladm sxad)duku+.cab0g*x48m) aa*u:l y)o0 the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boilingq/ guvn x7)q;i5as6fm water causes

  Equal masses of water at c*hcrb6931l 3mo1 udobv) trm$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means8m23prn7x idpkbk(/3ig; ( fdhuo0d s of molecular collisions is referred to as0mrik;do 3b( ud3 nksfig px h7p8d/2(

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one y,9mzjrsggs*l64+kqhh/+ lu end of an iron bar become hot when the other end g *6ju+hkrmll9 4,hs/ zysq+gis placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much cox5 y2*ejyn ev9lder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following 92vxn*5j ye yephysical property?

  If you double the thickness ofdqozgj dy5pz,e.i, k +f4(t8o a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a qd54(j., zgy d,fi8t p+o ozekgiven temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material wn tpq:dc1a v;o1( (g2eowgo 2with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers aod w1woc:qgo2(et2 nv1g;p(have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass moveme-srthamb( w( n8nh 0ywy+6r7 nnt of molecules from one place to another is referred to ahw6r08nt ysam y +n7brn(-w h(s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heate w*vn*6m yio1 acz3c:c8g.kfed on a stove?

  Convection can occurrb7 1hvbklan. z4b9g1

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humanp2 o(9jrwysc .s in maintaining suitable body temperatuwor s (y92.pcjre?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the azf.yyupg d +3 un)8yn4cceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection current3)+p zyyy gn .84duunfs caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rekhkx9rq3h 9fs.ne*goqx9.1 iv f 2d4 z2l b6kzctangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat6i2kd n1.9zfr s bl9.q fkoh 4qk hx93gz*vx2e supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the cu.qq 8)ary/pz rkvr+ed0q 0 /radiating p q0a8/ycr.edq vq 0r/p) +zkurower change?

  The process whereby heat flows in thoryyu4 xvl/md8 1o)5ke absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism doeam 4uvk-5,tif4ukyle8 3zx; xs the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how mux8y6prp xj+4t9 yo0npch heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equiuc;adn*yr 413 eggj x,valent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to e -,-juqu xye7raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting tem5df4 .7rovi+jt 1k9j)ygkie sperature cdko1k .f jyjtev9r47gii 5s)+hange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is r d5:k*ffg3fl originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the tmn s vw7g9y*45i(xr tsemperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 50s6x +fsc2 b 0tie(sflgo)+tf.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of irodt8f +g-4d p.ddq-sd3fp 2kyvn and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the g3dptqdpdf f8d.24g --k+ ydvsear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is hefubunr7xt m9iq; k8mst 3: d8 u16jz:lated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of coppem e3l1,a2k ga6wfqh9mr, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material aur(ynon2zb)z-m 2r. fh ixa/6t $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up 0(rfoi 0 z*mlja system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One objefz l 0ior*m(0jct has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships between2t0 kdy6hmk-nd5lwxa 4y (d m, various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temh6(-yd24 yx0l admd, 5t wmknkperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niazvu . /8x*fl7fq455hc/w b of -tquvzqgara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal tc/vq.w l7zz*h5qvf -buqx8 5 uf4/ ofenergy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loh ign/e;r b y.hkm7/6tte3zk( ss, how long would it take r.i/hhtm37g ;ktzeey( 6b k/nto heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to rx/ flj8riko*d+6w:jmtv k4xgjw; :*heat 20 kg of water from ki4 wwk+d;mx r*gjvx6:fj/ 8 o:rljt*$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 10g x6wgq n0o9+o00 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat = ;04rklyhiv-w $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed fr(d3qxv3+ll(0 kebrin z/ 8pr lom steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is requax.smy2ln 3s vx;+; awired to meltw vsaa+nl;. xx2 y;sm3 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice amy; lkp i4rn13aq :z.mt $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to b qv6:ahqkfo (+1kcw7s e removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. Wp/.3kga4owh m. hyg5phen 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water in lp.k, c4l8,gn :)n l5czehikvitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a qsx4 wnp(t4v(ki7(z et $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to cnrf ; 7f/50hjo87or 9x(bbp7jm jozcchange 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to chanqd)vsqjkv( dszh bnu 9 i-5+ uyx9-9mu:1r2 cpge one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requkbya n;,5x wctys05;cm v:k 3eired to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice teg0jjzsy( 8sjwl71 .tixn)i9g(uh(nc a by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporiza1e4mye1rj6s . wy0v bhtion is 207 kche6y1wvbjy e s.m1r 40al/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concret+j6sb 1gsg ;v;taxfl4e is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum isyl.h en4 x3m1z twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together en4emzx. nl3yh 1d to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside yod /* tg4up7qtyt*uq 74 odpg/emperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m nhpoh( *xoy dlu1 0n(yhz;66mby 1.5 m. If the outside temperaturehu(*pn( dh0;ml6 on yyh16zxo is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour thrh,r jsjnw) 4,x r8q5biough a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete 4xn5 jb,r)h8r sw jqi,($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 0i7j o7mb 8-afl(t-4wiqhz f r1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000j /q(u4c+2y-fuy9dji dc6j me jemq08 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the t8n3jvt4u,kd) u 42pfbngdz, cemperature is monitored by measu4j, 4nd,p fd3nbzkc)82u vtguring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating evq6s*cg; l xo6nergy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective coll )4kz4 wxd2kzq)1vqvu ection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.