Which of the following isj/os 2et 3ncp; gs9n/s the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to r r+lhct:91c4pm mk0v +bdtg5laise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of -w8r ii)hacw 2y824a 5nq2xyf nnvy, hindividual molecules is referred toq8i yryn- )hfcnwix ,52a48 22 awvnhy as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool e4mar s4,rdu2vr / p3wof water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the wav/rr44 sr3m2ea,wu dpter, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depen3 lws4,qf 74df hxcm:dds on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initial vmj+5z/mu - flehr3y k0olume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas wizr+ku50e3h / l-ymfmjll be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U at zso*j 151:pjiejy) *nlsmvw5 b. lmh +$200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is thj 8wj kn5 yxu(ch u:s.u-/9scjw5cw o.at

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat canjt suea2ggv;1 0-i j.pacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each..anj1ge;-2 ij g vsut0 Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a h iars+pqu6ed48*7d fz ot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal e4 fdz a*6pr7e8u+ diqsquilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from 6vm jz4j ;g+qgm() ffmthe solid to the liquid state is referremf+ )qmf; zjggv j(m64d to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the l9k52 gc) yhibfoz*v,io jm68f iquid to the vapor state is referred 2fcfz*kmo,9b)j6 5iy8 hogv ito as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance a7 x/ hv0ol+kydu,yf)qdzw j/.t a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze+gq4 *8.tx6ny/h kpj(pk1p,wr fnmkzl a8h k*s

  When a liquid evaporat wmd2l 6r1pn0z*qo(xpr5u8 dies

  When a vapor condens8,hp mot gae*p9m:d7 jes

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets ghgh umgsa:;1g 6g9;xwhich get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause t9g;6 ghu1m ggsg:hax; he temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame./ 6kj6sblis8fsfnwx u1(0ze under a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water (: db5/y*4q p vk )zdevv00g4czfve qrat $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat g z-qvtn ,*i3.bpu tr9flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to aip9-. brqut,*3vngzts

  By what primary heat transfer me dpfz306niy;uchanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the d zu nify;03p6other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of mezq+), hqsa2hts gg*:etal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. +shga)z e*q:,sth g2 qThis is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the (bohwq-i v6heohsvm77:l ,1v rate of heat loss for a given temperatur:7voo6wv1- 7 sih lq(h, bhmvee difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal co 3x49ge;9xaiuvvbi r0 nductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite shrb09 ;ex xavgv9i 4iu3eet?

  The process whereby heat flows by theg hfdc2s,w e)zw(y3 o7 mass movement of molecules from one place to another ish2 7 ozws3y,e(fcd)g w referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a po0mv/ b l.g ossllwu95 b1pu7q.t of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurm*cigmr *0p,s

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans c0 rrn6b2t iowd 1 p--lcs9c1uin maintaining suitable b d -1cp6 2wr0onsl9cbct -1ruiody temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gravido.g8 x dbj+wyaw.g,3ty is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convecti.wx yw. ,j odgga3bd8+on currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the s1 qqnn(h- s)tqame materials. One of the houtq ) sq1(-nhqnses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by whatje a ugz(lytl*o7/+- e factor does the radiating power chan-jto+*e7e al/zlug (y ge?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any mediulw:/ce3 /3 ze 8gaz/4nu vwnbzm is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mdx.42oi:t-7 xkb6pv gf eia.v echanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much hear)/v5-h*opns itjd2 pt?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalentvylzb8-ix4 l - to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of o,l tb9os u70i100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is t7 c7f tr+ vndz2lv;,eihe resulting temperature fzvd;r7c 7in v+l2t ,echange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block i-+c cxxa6o+kkd cq2f(/ g;s hxipo28f s originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg c+b ;pzx(; ca n0nn6kp*fy.rjof material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath wate +zizdssnz-67l47f z jr by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg osztc:4jql ,p 6f iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increases by,ljc4qp :z st6 $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated to / k(qa1oc diyz0d3oaksr 40zh05e3 xu $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially zer f:5p z-q+* ux9zyqat $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material apeobcxm- 11 c)t $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermalgy*c1 (xprc7 0.hxc qaly isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initgxp(qc7hc1xyc.0 ar *ial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships betwewa05g.1tfms lx6t/1s6ku rpjen various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop0p garltt/ s.xu s 1k15fj6w6m of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that g0u ;suuv/i; tall the gravitationat/uuu;0;g isvl energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater user2v x. 2np6uafs 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would iufvxr.n 6p 2a2t take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to hn*k,zb0yodj+ z+ g;pf eat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water dfoz+jg pk+*nzb ,;0yfrom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g,6xhkwmr6))4xq gm g o1 $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat =ef+ 1.lkygyo9t+ bk 1s $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to liqui- kt7/jx;q 4y3gfzpu)+ukxem8jzkn 2d?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/n8j /w/0 w vnajd4fdn+3i if:d0wbar o n9u4p*kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g08/ rd4nd3j vfno:n ua nwfp+0bid 94iwa *wj/ of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of i l+h*e;d ;an 22wpyercoti h3-ce at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed fr/n lh+ :0o l j(qgmbvz28gurk,om 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice iiipy inv217l6i j-mf103;pto+(zora ,rh km y s 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially y0a 1w3th h8ozat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at2 d ja,7equ9cw $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is n( e4ywcv ww ),p;zbab7eeded to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requireh+p ts(f ,hy(gd to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required au)jss3c rd y) .wp-w:to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by addingp0o axr1nrd k0q3v ,1g ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of var 6nu5*+) ahd6dimkfaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting poiai)6 6dkahurd +nm5*fnt is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of ccbq 2e+ oy*c/(i9 a op)r(. yzmg:nvhfoncrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that ofwl(n3r l b5c.s brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of eqb l clrs3.n5w(ual lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cb60-u1s difa3 lork,pm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature ps ia6udrl,k01-3bfo is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m.9fm ,+ f.mvg.g6,nuo0gbsk h5o2kh rz If the outside temperature isg s go.h5hf9nm0r.f zkbm u2kg6,o+ ,v $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour thqlw h .(ipc48o cs;k*:scs *norough a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete .8h sio *4pwnks c;olscc*q:(($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat1b4 depzr0 zn+ through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is ln2f-m2itioa (zh y./ne qh -ku(za//uost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperatu by4.1 s; mi,x5lbtmynre is monitored by measuring the radiant power emittes,5yy1b4;im lbnxt m.d through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating ;8 7wg tmulll-energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effecl44ny( ,iwb, vhm6c bztive collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.