Which of the following h,2r*iqf p3/3uhli kfis the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary t avw 4wq,2.ixeo raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the averabjh*e npxr)+o;a tj 19cu f4i y57.auege kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to asyetjuao br7u*ij ) a ch5n;9ef4+x.1p

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of wat 9ndzo,.tc da:dqpb uwm6x4tw-9 1o.ler. Compare the temperature 9qm wt4otw z dupc:x1. aldd,.-o6 9bnT and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of6 xiarsm;rs xo484g4 t an ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initial vt4av(zuwj l ;3olume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done whilevw4(au3jl zt ; holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U af,d )o w xjt5gd 99o43b .ntj.0 kl4mahop5jast $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically i yh hr;bur /5:p/wkva,s that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific 78ehvv1u7 vgvv) 1 t qe4s(wjsheat capacity than iron. Now, consider equaeuvhssvv 4tjq)787 gw1 evv(1 l masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum scdbz5o ym9ar,*.ofl 7 a9 by6and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum a 9br76y9 *asof 5zlb.amc,do ynd the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to c1zd +4zfk kdr3hange a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred to as tr+k z43f d1kzdhe

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vfol+ p p:h* *ife)e6ro 8 g2npfhc6u2kapor state is reffo2: p hprk o*+*cu6p2efg8 nilfhe )6erred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady pm w9mq2z1+oq rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesc bn j9c1p9,hf

  When a liquid evaporath 9z06if rxcy+7c6 zo*-vqm bnes

  When a vapor condense:g.vl )if w-nzs

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenh p*atriwo60z(gg0z /ses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause * zpg o(060aztiw/hgrthe temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a panoh5ya ytvd ddy(,a6p,93.l74sixae x of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water aymbx;*ucec5 s/dae *+ t $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of moleculah( )pvc 5 c/ktvgix*1lr collisions is referred to at1cx gvkcv ilp /)5(h*s

  By what primary heat trah(. xy 2g rddbqg0kh-4o c1+hansfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in k(b d2h g1dxg yh+0o.rqha4c -a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of yu6fz p;rup-va.6z1 :t9ykd vc i5a v*metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?:*- va5zpvay ytcv 1;fdz .rpu 9i6k6u

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous mate46idy/snph, frial, the rate of n4,ys/i pfd h6heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer/sjxfmz44*-ka n4txw5 yh(dg5c 8rio of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. Wha g4ntkw8zo-aycs 5(r4 mhx df5j4 i/*xt is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules frixbpe g,p(c0(yufami 8s)) *o om one place to another is reo piua*yb,(c fpsx0)i8( e mg)ferred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a pb :(4tcd 9 xl+y3ppybstove?

  Convection can occurw;zfo(mq6 f- z

  Which of the following best explains why sweatingd6ybd65rwe5+ m) ivft is important to humans in maintamw65yif5d+) e6 t bvrdining suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the ac5h./ozncrx:fpr0q j5celeration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heat q0r:h5fczx/ p.ron5jed by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring r wx+s:58 omudqectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the housesd5u 8mox+q: sw has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of 2)e/hil+i9 o:w bvbyna radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiatinhw i9i:le ynbo+b 2)/vg power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in thez53/ fb6ueqhw absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Eartxg 6.1 cdd8 7v5.p er/sfmuchkh?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how muy7gcx+.ug x -ych heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalentpzdmh+v 13xv9 to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temtme68r ) emm6kperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what exznh u6(cnbvf6*g6h+ssz . 0p2m .d pis the resulting temperature c ps( nhe dh6snz 2*06 .xvfuzgpm6c.+bhange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block+wn i7c6(;g:t- e , mf b.j6gebfmpt*zs; qper is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raizb,sy,j8j9tk. o1y byuj e-kbn/y+4ga / kjn6ses the temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water b(jufyru)dejx ; 9 :o,mm yv1:sy adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much 2ha z+bbg 9dp;heat is added to the gear ha;2dgb+ 9bzpif the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of m) apj+7 :ev35u3pl 5 5dyvlsjrenb-tretal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially a; bca1;.gohk dt $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material vs t k a d8-gw4lw,uooh87g10qat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is the/ck+ pxv/8s+ ql2clxermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperature os+ l2v/k+c/ cpxxeq 8lf $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships betweeyopit)i:1 x9oj5b ) zh.-x rb)ui 4v/xx1zpcqn various forms of enerxxi) -/z) i.jrhzb 9x)45tbp: i1 1opvuoyxqcgy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming0gbv;z2e+p .iel0a n p that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal enee.;ga bi2 ppv zle+00nrgy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater e98jleu icb8 o7/m5w axu82znuses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank from b8/cix 298 uzw5 7uln 8aoejem$23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take zjim hl+ 1005k- csdsby+ gn (8yjf4ps:*onorto heat 20 kg of watsss+y g:ojd8+ n0zp (0*ibcf4mn-j r 51klohyer from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (ma,oz 0h(uj2gwyss 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specifi43n l6l.*fitf(s rqfq5nxz 5oc heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it toj;r5d19,czlnuu luc2 liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of ,+yovq l;.-o ukgu 7pj6 vjx *vgd(-ov80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g oj,--dvxo ql.6v7; yog u*g( pouvjv+kf ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of iced* lfkc e1 ig2,b8bxz; at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be r4w z- -uai4quremoved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of i994xiy g au nm*1zrwn/zq *imv8*r5qice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initaj:ur;huoa )w8) frk +ially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water aul), bn;qb 8tj*fa3 klt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of war ,zf2,p .x l5ammx0xoter at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requiredf ,gakq fzs oe109vy(: to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to chap:.miqbk; v3qyv 4l(i nge 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea5av/9aj3.ocjq : f crq by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporizw w2m9c4 -vsrcation is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting poic2r4w9 -cmw svnt is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete isp*y 7+ fow-ccab k*7xe $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminyv(p:8rb/e *mrhy;el, e:ha .v/ g azdum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. Th, 8debe/hylp(rvyz gmr. h:/v :;eaa*e rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has diin0dqu4 .twd x 5vfk9sx:1,vp mensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temper1,0dn . fdw utpvq4:kxx59 sivature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5mm.0c ;o +kgege4gf:z m. If the outside teec :gofg;m k4 0me.zg+mperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m 96zij uoh ;c1q;iq*y vx 2.0 m section of concrete z;16qoj*v u;ic iqy9 h($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take bq(i3iu44a bp -m(5bkp8hmizfed * ,sto transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperaturq wf 6 ie .m+psp+un/qk7m;ky/e if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by 3the/sti *hwl pk)v+,7y fb,dmeasuring the radiant power emitted throfw set,7lb y v*p,3h )t/+hdkiugh a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy bf )zqs3utn .)when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside v8wlp n03 lvr9a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.