Which of the following is the smallest un3c5 -ka stkth6r(qa321kv kiyit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 grxhh dx2:os 1j) 4:.;lzq 9tvryajfy 7xam of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the aviw2,w x4qrl)h d +qw(pztzx76erage kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to atq2zxwp,)w (h 7i+w zlr6q4 dxs

  A cup of water is scooped up from a rmuna 7kmdad3,76;p8a +zrm vswimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in bothmd ,v7 8aau kdp;mm+3r7na6zr the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends oiuo6g p90sck41 5vcyw* w vxw.n

  An ideal gas at STP x 28x(8lfps bmjkw.4iis first compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal e2f mx8jl.pwb( 8k4ixsnergy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal enermha 4bil,o:,v:1pmci gy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do;;xz c:n u7ebrk/4as: x jzzr7 not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact.m:rs (a 66nmeox odor4hlv (4 that water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 cale on46l(4am x6 vrds:hr.m(ooories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up tiuqv 1,8i3nhof a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of hhvnqt8 i 3,1iueat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a subv owv1eozf47t4 l.d/ pstance from the solid to the liquid state is refeoolv z.e14 vp/7t 4fdwrred to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid 49pcgy q +md*r1sph0qto the vapor state is referred to apg+ymsqr p 1 90dc*q4hs the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a syo60m4kio a5w,z;ty steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesh mdrx2wtdrweu/rici07m8( 7yh*+ii6 5ji c1

  When a liquid evaporv,8dm m;1p admpl8htq8 m2.a aates

  When a vapor condensg(iqx/ bw 0rlpx)ywnoej-,/ ) es

  In a cloud formation, ftzhj v:rc u)a7t:x*47a yp7twater vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of thzt7y*ajt p: f7u)acvhtx:4r7e air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a panu*9t ng6v yeh/pzul4b 1 l9i5t of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at e cfkyq,uyamg,gx 5 8cm:(k(3*g bp+w $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means ofh7 d 0y ishzoe,+5gjvxx1x ,6q9yd9:uc n9aa r molecular collisions is referred to aa:hx5iyh,yo19 d ,97ergncu 0z jda vxx q+9s6s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one .(+qfd 7bl wxvend of an iron bar become hot whe (7vlfxd+wqb .n the other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of pie,+ 298n ;l a.kv5fnoxftqd wood. This is due to the difference in which one of tx l.;k+qnvea, 59oinftd2p f8he following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous materit8 sxhv lwgz0+ixo,-0m 5zq+w al, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the th +z0vi t,qgxw 85h+olx-0swmzickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is pl6yguar81pcj .jzk- jj lu(p7(aced on a layer of a uz(6j8(y1jk7jjpc gul .pr-another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by th,cjvi/xr (by91qba b:e mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referred tob:r1 ib9y, a x(/qjvbc as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a bdk c4+/ulm +- wedk9jpot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur n,q;fu6q p,p rt(j:fq

  Which of the following best explains w 3be anl-cdu..hy sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable-d eb nc..lua3 body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an envb y6/rb*l;q5qno r5l rironment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the co5rn /lorq;r6* lb byq5nvection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same matokec 8)to c 2u*11anjberials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to mcut) *k2eao o cb11n8jaintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of-xy;)4cfhlte1b5r:q zpq2 vx4d zl t3 a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power chan z 1flx2;5c4 xyqq4hlt bp-r)v z:3tdege?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is9 9uzo p/a)aea referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm th)qlafbzlyy.a 3m333k e Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to haxt/;4sp2fh eow much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is fa 40e2zock; (y abnx*equivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed th6df3a:w-oq m o raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of kb7rxkcq t9*)iu,ehx f-abs s5s/ (xc+p j23lwater, what is the resulting temperature ch+9h5br p*)jeuc-k is27s(xlkc x q/b s,3atfx ange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum blc+k3gxxe nji7i5v ,d9 ock is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of m0 ed f,t6;8: kvgklcdyaterial by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by addwaw*z7c4r4 e4v kywymt2l3 c :ing 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consi f.br(l k*g1sqsts of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to th*r.1q s lgb(kfe gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is hcscx1 wsq:x 1e;jx h,3eated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initiali9 gx d j:dy n0*t ,vye;(:eulqf8n4pyly at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at rg (efx5,bfnqh5 )2at xp;(q x$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass object,te 1(y +4loop.hhghap 1kkiob*:z*cs make up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has+ hho,p(:k 4zoei*kychlot a p1.1 *bg an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationshipsr3s 8r :ke 8h)p/kpbkafr;e (j between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanrk/a rks( p k3:eb8j re;)8fhpc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that n zi;w*i vb -ixvy/5r8all the gravitational energy is converte8bv5irin -xzyi v;w/*d to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 k i/39n kyr4-hk1c zineW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it -n4ner9k h31kiyzci / take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to .yrx)bh) f kh6heat 20 kg of water from hx hrk)6byf .)$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (maxgy dhh2:lk5pdt7f +;8d ;tv(d uo w2css 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific he :ecggn/ 0phk7at = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed fr u,uvcc7t mcm. fl0tx8(b0c;jom steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much hy -prcedv.ei7xo.. 1h;bc2l jeat is required to melt 2. c- oy7.2jceve dr.bh1xp;li00 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice at s3rdi(4s (vwlxiphl l)ju , jan(y079$-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed fromj-q bhd ock wpu8+90*g 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg.mhw qaf,h/ue r 390:la When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initihi/4m uleo*n29r8v gqally at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water atslf8rp )zrw*35qt-r -k8mzgb $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy isl,w j.9;bb 8ykmu6sxm needed to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gr4ippq0fc *;udam of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is require1;e p,t27bq ( / fofljvk(ktpfd to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by ckn4a.a *n dap4o bs tr2::1vaadding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5b8)24m jdjkieebw;-2hd-kui .9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting point is d )w;uk j--ihemd i4bj8kb2e2$328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of.nb1nq k vdx(: concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is afnma70p6oy1 0m jz0u3gj.pg twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermgo pz6.f0a ynjua0pj1 m0 g37mal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimension;pim9+ybsyqszr ,;xo i6 7-vjs of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperat+ys ;sqpo-imv6 r ,9b;7j xyziure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimenc2ud9fu v8r4 isions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperaturefud8ic9r 4u2v is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow i2pg4am(v/0s( uk rgxgn 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (a g0gu v (gmkrp(/24xs$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a /:s kdpsz9kgyb2p od2h c.. +s$2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside tempe/i+f; jdrambko* gu 4+rature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature i v/wchr q) 3fji,+k5gt.phslgg6 u;u9 s monitored by measuring the radia93hhjg qi)pv u fk .stug,r/ wg+6;cl5nt power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human s pqcl.av.e20 d)3hp 4jy8nw ybody radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collecfv/w 9-es5bimeijm0 6wy t.:bswg3.vtion area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.