Which of the following is the small,uqa+ pz;u f6cest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the tempvc 49lkn8u-se z52p:4vwoie vwu92sn erature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinenlxe h y+px)y7hj7ob5 ru(26a tic energy of individual molecules is referred to a52 xo jbh)ny+reh6 alp7xy(7u s

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of wats*z1y6ap0 f:/ ux u-gykknl5qer. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming p:nuxgk y-5f/ zsp61*q lauyk0 ool.

  The internal energy of74n6wl lr rj2usq1d/ t an ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is halfznm- ov39eq 6u9yz 2*l+fhkly the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure+ hke2n9uzq *ylf9y-z6o lmv 3 is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energ40mpa vx6 znzkgp g5:.y U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary dr-d csrs g9hw+xytt6fi )(bns:8ei *8 qastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity than ironxn5r(fpgi s8/)7p zhnznpz3/. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statemeipg rzzzp xfn/h837 n5pn/(s)nt is true?

  A thermally isolatedx-8m ,mh z ,t:bvo.xdq system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the mtz,- bvq.8 ,xdxmh:osystem takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a sub.( r 536i*qjwam myrckstance from the solid to the liquid state is referr.6 yajkwimmq3(r*rc 5ed to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vaporl* nrth w9l77 oe(4sspn7vfv6 state is referred to as th(so v6s l4*nlr9 net7 7hvpw7fe

  If heat is added to ,o:yj f6lkkk 6 qgu 8(7su(k-6h oslcda pure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesj pf))7 .o+lfwzt; s.sse b4trypp5g:

  When a liquid evaporat:)am -tyfrb3,j ysi 1yes

  When a vapor condense v,3,yhobetw*)mn u:es

  In a cloud formation, awfrtk b;z yk j1t+,,)water vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger a w1tr,k)y; abjt f,kz+nd bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boilingra mwql o.;*,o water causes

  Equal masses of water 1fz;a1rcf2pz p unmli4p 2.a .at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is refemmgrl,f; w9 m;rred to ag, fr;mw9;lmms

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of anbwqq6xlen/8o7 2f d4djlg8i mq9 :4ze iron bar become hot when thq eljqzd4q962 8n8emb:g4ix7wl d fo/e other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece ofw)z- 2dia*tsf wood. This is due to the difference in which onas*t )i2-z fdwe of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built g1-ucjc0*vj :p( aahifrom a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across g:- apahuivcc *j(1j0 the thickness will

  A layer of insulating mgs1 yrbh*0 r;d6wc .9oyh1fug aterial with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another 1yb w6s .h91*u;rhgc0 godrfy material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement ofr.1 ixb lkfenk..5 juqrgh;3(,ho h)h molecules from one place to anotherh.l;nug3kbhe )x.qh .ro(5kjih,f 1 r is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heao3 vwn:zq(jphw b( ps79jxd4 7auyc ,4ted on a stove?

  Convection can occuri zz7ubbdhvo4;s + n0 l)vh.0jof00or

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in c;k3n f9r up t9z1hop:maintptoun3:f z ch ;9prk19aining suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of grar -ep6)ptvq 9ae 8qb(:yk wgl*vity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabi-9ppeqv6) q8tagebly( rkw*: n is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring r)5+zes f4,a ht h0wpyc,gpt8lectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical cl p,sh+t5g t0,) fel ha8cyw4zpimatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radio x.bf w4*ku7gator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power chwbk*x.u4o f7g ange?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred tfy.2sga; 6a 2gqtis8w38 vvipo as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun wkv3 9 b*u m59gznil -0dqcn7viarm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is eqm1 r;ui)6lb +a2pu dusuivalent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equiv x0nvnz ev2+;nesc)g+alent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of lq z0jiq0zt7;od 8e:+7pcvxyi kh1ux *ead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resultinhta(9 :v0;h0(n0plcxgdf 3q n2hzp wig temperature chpn pchizg n(9; (tvwha3xd02q0 lfh0:ange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originallk 1a 1bt6baw4ny at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the trx,a4x hv+ vehppg+: ay+;g 8temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat u a(xxc ie5+xi8p her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 2uxvr* xxx ss0jww(55kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increarv5j xx u0xwss 25x(w*ses by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal isgh8nyaqi *2h2 heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, inm1j2 altq dl:0itially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at r,ry :s 7rwod($100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally ; t.faylk1;hcn jh;g. isolated from its surroundings. One object ha;1c.;nyk. hl;g t fhajs an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explorehm1s,(m nzco3ny1 o ev04,vz5n/untr jub(+f the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature y(,oj1v 4m n,ubnvr0nzms/chz uf5 tn3(1e+ o rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a dista0 b m7j0x:wamhci)d, once of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what w0chm)7,dmxabo0i:j temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater q *;1yfdcip;zuses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tan1f;;qy*cip zd k from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heay38 nrv+ge: knt 20 kg of water from+ keg:r38nvn y $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 109( apjr )n /xlermpe4+00 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat o*x(bhs:inkobs/q 6 9u:za9 s)f:bh z= $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be d s, +le1)c,gk c.jsfaremoved from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of :dk4.qs mfc-hfusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 f kmcd-4s qh:.g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice at t w:4jm 6j 0ophxf,s)t$-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be r4fs / e*n;vjb2 zdyw1femoved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 5wkhkmro v6 a(92tr(e0r3xmsl8f44 l d 0 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially atpv o1,4u f.tv*sy yg+i;redq+ $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water aw coxqjtgjwy fx 51sx(.20c3(t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energyhd bc:d 0ar2u2q15,fl ( fd-secnwdu+ is needed to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requiredv(c qk mu63*z9s;ttuxvkkk7ql i*e 08 to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g o w/)liq/ehi vcg036 .br3rexz f $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8btp7nq9o*4pd l -ildm v2au-. kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 5bw.r 9dlq7lf oqgb au8y o1*rh+r4b3kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting 8 gb o+7uldbr45w9qf1 3y*q.ralobrhpoint is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of +e6 mt g;4zrqmw,do2 w ak0:buconcrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. a5t e ezu7h3w1o ;s i)wta7sx1Two rods (one aluminumae;tu 7whitzsexs3)a51 1 ow 7 and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If eox bmvg;)8im2 9bs8ithe outside temperature i es m8g bx2v)mob;98iis $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. : itvrb17ad-2( ,p ;rkdo nx5xo*zdyf If the outside tey51: r,;dxt2f*ad- dxb7(r p ozvnio kmperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hs. ::a:nl sc9d: kais(cg c9mrqz5li1our through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete 5icrccm:a: lz9sl:gan( q :. ks9 sid1($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat thl xn -cc17q 35cnjga3rrough a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kc7 sj .sojeeead/ 4lrp) ,bib7-al of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is j+duitpk : .uuux-u-:monitored by measuring the radiant power emitteddxi:.p:+-u -ujutu uk through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the humahl twx-c/5l p-osoa-,acn/ , kn vb*,rn body radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection ,phhfcty/3c( j q ocqi) 0*)bci++rnaarea of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.