Which of the following is the smals6dj1 hm .+2e pro4vdtx) e+fflest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necesnb/w8xxh zvzko*ug y4( 80 x1isary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic ens l;iin;k6eh) z7g; d brr,r2bergy of individual molecules is referred to)bikie rbsh l,; dzr6;;gn2 r7 as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare 1 8c/ me)maieythe temperat/ea 1eci) mmy8ure T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gasx1*9sj . df1udbg3 ywt depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half9cnewk4 ui6ar, qz: g) the initial volume, and then it znri9qkcu a g)6e:,w4 is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with intech er;x lg9uhtiy53/ ;cv me)m rd+)6urnal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastical3on.a ,6lk9:mcoeww h ly is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher sp oagu7d* rq/ku*ct :u0ecific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water a ro/k*c 07qg du*:uutand iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is5vcsa0 uu,+2o *rrlkb made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal con*052voukla rcu b+ sr,tact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid state is resi6 yh)3g0z ddferred 3 z6hd s0gydi)to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liqunb(d-7qr d8abrvzn7 bo0+9/ adbt cd /id to the vapor state is referred to arnarbqb o- +d9b z/7(v7db ndc/0t da8s the

  If heat is added to a pure substaj5 huly+kg+ b 9 /qzf8wou)f/zy:5 pvince at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesh hvzh/).hu(o

  When a liquid evaporag e+*b-0t ;w2.+qwg5jj fuj3p x,ncdeymqa+ztes

  When a vapor condensevg2+uxf + y2kml+vt*rs

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water d -ow:/e5 lngkdroplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of :kd-5g ne lo/wthe air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water ce e.eh 6yzlfm8i+d72w auses

  Equal masses of water2lg;5oc1fe8sbx jl *d at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions 3k6(hap* b rmr0l5y vcis referred to a0l a65*bhrpmrk( yv3 cs

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hoo h6mvx5e5ynypv9.g 3 t when thy .mp93gv5no56 x yevhe other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colde2 avp+(igs 6v8ck *r6ehc on(fr to the touch than a piece of wood. This rc i ap +kvg*((vo68ns62hecfis due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, th7 :9pcfrw-c-ms *5bfmurq9wag2h*r we rate of heat loss for a given t2q9 g- fac7:urc wfb5pm-*mrhswrw*9 emperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material wiq1ok8h:.z 1gn1,;i kev ccbkkth thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal bi.on8kz h ,c 1;1:q1vkgkeck thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one gufdsq n5/ uk6 khen4,3+faca*ayv 02place to another is referred to y f qucg/ka,nak 3dase2vnuf *h5 +406as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on c 1b f6h,)z bam7ixv*ha stove?

  Convection can occurb rv.++r a rm6csph8b f(sxr/9

  Which of the following best explains why sweavw wwfo7h1 6tg .x4c/uting is important to humans in maintaininuc /ov.46whtgfw w7x1g suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gravn pqxd1rv/bg 3 xp56:fity is essentially zero. As the6 :pv r 3qnx1xfd5/pgb air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materiap.z,om 3dz) pkls. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic condim.p)z z dk,3potions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a rh mq,,2uop7o-as sr3 ec:.jpf adiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power changesuro,q 3eh.a s: pm,jof-pc 27?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred t/mqqe+lc f, q(gp,r3f2. p/z5 qbtzsj o as

  By what primary heat transf +nsp b0of.6q +pjtj1her mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how mucj2o6bykrjlul* :kxd7nu*.w - h heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivale5tp6z7p14 z pk tj w-ni9w-zzcnt to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise t*k1 j1doarpm,aynra3ypnibj +1 (h.va7a) 8 whe temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is kd3,4d*y2 fok /vpffiadded to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature d*kf/,2pvo 3 fkf yid4change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is origier:l 7x t1 ,xd7crj;myd7pmz8nally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2shd ip c.h, rie5n0k+l:,uzb2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath wate/s0zh,ka2ftclthz6 pp(13bq r by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg )skk..9h31v2lf5ie m pivy jo of copper. How much heat is added to the gea2imi1ek5v9 pvs.j3.of)k h l yr if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is h7 j17q) ;g vd9pq/d yqauwj9.c;)qwcfri +gdheated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially at zrvvxxgdc1q+rkc0ozlqw b+2 9 q0598$95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material 7 ;k6xydq3 sict:y) :8mforwhat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is hdvmf :- *7lc86tszgz thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial teh -g68vt* flszc:m7zdmperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule atnts )gease2l+2(r*h ,rw 4y 4/qfztuztempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum tempert l(ht+fegr 2s wranuys/*)ez,2q4 4zature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming thhl*g1f ah *8i v5momw5at all the gravitational energy is converted to ther f5vilmgh a *mw15ho*8mal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 k hez6g b9vi-*)bxc ; gh.oss6hW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank frx eisho;bb.c-z96 hv*6ghgs )om $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is utjo -+ d09a r9p-;sw9xh t,wyw 3bcskvsed to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water from+t0 dsw9w9avk-t;9 r,sc hy3ojpxb-w $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (+-/ calh 3,(jqj qqfndmass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specificw nl,1b-w,e4 hckq .xh heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removeu7 9 qll4apg:5v1* 5 rcqkiczud from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of 5+raz0 bj+vcza i0g1b fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of ice+c0j gv0baia z+r15zb?

  How much heat energy fi /sezu7 l)z39wr6gwis needed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs k 1djh.t6ww q kzdn. 29u19p fe5tn1d2ewpgk5 to be removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g po5y,xb 87zm.0dlc,ia xo l5t of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiallpjr17esh4fbl: + wpehjp y* 5*8;ojrwy at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water atucc63hwho+y 8 $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg68xzc7zdfm f;g3 tf6id( kud/ of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram of ocqss+vg2f(+ 8x 1/ h2gyfi- 5tkftri$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 1q/psvduy ta 8*:lio( .00 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initial8i*yz8csa8 36sni ft :4yw lmgk 1cj;wly at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, ak iqsr hzi+/ y.8u-6*kf6f jkgnd the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its6 i fs/.kri fqyhzuk+j*gk6-8 melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concjb-o9 k;+09d; nryhy pp1u 2 xszulfs5rete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of5-ge6u kqv,ng( y/c* vp hdt*o aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined togethe*,npvdu-*ky(/v c5oqt 6e ghgr end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.al6 3x6z(j s ,f.zpd/rrdi*rj0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatj3r6(drp l/ zsi6dz.rxa,fj* ure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cmn8/ kcq q0cmwoi,4/d h thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temper/wnd/4ho8c0qq m,i k cature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section o nq ehjxkv:38 )burg(dau ,8x+dfv2 eii4 f:1lf concrete (if e+qxkguvriu:ex281v(384 fdhn l a)d j:b,$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cnu 4+.usfv2(zd dip4 mal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 k (4 95xn q6ff2fyrrttjcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace uf2l( y48 sjd* v k+s9vbql.kpssed for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emittedlyf 2jsq v vk.+db (84lkps9s* through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body rtsbnuyf1/ hda+ 99 -6ntteb0 zadiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar col.k0hxiuc/ k 8ulector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.