Which of the following is the smalj;mra sxvb8, ;xabp75;ngc.ruh ; jl- lest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram6 y6 typ5sze( u:k-kwt of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecul9lsj 4wgm5g eaz8wa 6(slx49jes is referred to s4swa8lle 49 w59gja6 jg mxz(as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compf5k)379 ko zzum1d ,i+gaz aetare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and tha to ke1dua5g k,i97)zzm3zf+e swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depenjwqj- .*ni ( 93zj4njb1xgqzxds on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volu)+ejr.xkc/ b l 6zz.+3ewro8gfqqdg; me is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pzb+jgcz+f ;k e)dg 368lrr qo/xqew..ressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with inxm d*mc, so71bternal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drasticallv: lhdx8z)l a/y is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher speci a/nq+qs 4l6gific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. lan /+qigq4s6 Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is mabi lq3ank ub.p*0zi+:de up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitudb:3*l +.bi aiqznpuk0e gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance fr0d9t ycgsq lpd- y3.z3om the solid to the liquid state is referred to a 3d.l3- zsdyy0tqcp9 gs the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor statl r ) zkg,y:,pryhn7xnc5i .g,e is referred to ag h ,znyyp : kxnl5.,)i,rrcg7s the

  If heat is added to a pure substance0 wcc;u8llz juz*b /1d at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezescyq0svfgji7ps 475 v,irn;ntis3f:/1 8c mgu

  When a liquid evaporates;yn*eey+2n+f8y fsuqr:ok2u

  When a vapor condens r0uieh 2xz5sl1r(53ud-tx ffes

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get biggygcq 6ejckb2,jt0- p +er and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of tb ,+6jytqpjg ckec02-he air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under akc 0coecui;sbw7;cw7v r,(w9 pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at +ug 2n0d l5gygbb5-vp $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows ) /a8 u skev)y.y,ktc.0nhh xuby means of molecular collisions is referred to aa t8u)u)y..s ,/0kecnkvxhyhs

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one cc7-16f c,,uvz pqyzpend of an iron bar become hot when the other c7zqp1 cc, f-,z6vuypend is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of me. vqhy, bqt h(.*n wuktm2i,9dtal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the wh.y., d2t9i, qn *butk(v hqmfollowing physical property?

  If you double the thic31- w0k mkh m(vk7fy vjup5xr:kness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the0f(vk-7wmvx k: ky3 ujp 5r1mh thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is f byvt/ twii/7+b,p +rplaced on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is p ti+/rb/y+fwv7 tb,ithe effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mashgwelcur6d 1qo;. 1 i2s movement of molecules from one place to another is .1cq 61ehlg;uw2dr oireferred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism- 6eh9 p:b fscjwv3o1i is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur, *f. lmy njn74 cs4vtuk8f7oh

  Which of the following best explains why sweating)r. 964(ksag ku+-eyjcee zxb is important to humans in maintaining s4.aeys+e(z- r u6 9cxebjkg k)uitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in/q6o.r9 cey+f svkbs 1 an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this v 9qyfr/6 e+b.skc os1heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangulgnu (u- 52h;qevhin3- oqfmy *ar houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, whmn(nui5v h-- qq f;ge2oy 3uh*at would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute tempbx:, zq 33v s4sbla9cu4tg x9ierature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power changvb4x3i:l ,st9cq9a xub4 zsg3e?

  The process whereby heat flows inq z auxqxuq i7 69 *arb6:*q*t;hpx2bz the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mecham2( oa eu*w5x*wy gb m5v5ano7nism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent a fwgf2y.l o:eqzq a4 6(5dkd1to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how v,)pxs9r4j7 xzh kmm8much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperat- uu2oju4(wi ture of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2y4wzp0 uo7xm+own3ta) it,uj,+ucs/ .0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature changeu0c3 xou4, s)tauywm/ jzw ,tp no+i+7?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally at nh u mtzy w d11+),2)yohqm(vg$10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises cee7u/3bh ) zve0-qrg the temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0trldva(0s8e hz*2bh d*ly/+ o L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iroe,hc tv js/,x: aj12sc16lhjt 6pi)q pn and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the tem1s j2tahsi6h,6pj / j)cvxl1:qcte , pperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heatg -18)2w 4welyqqpat ied to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, ini)g+/ h;36xm vulhjv eetially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material n0 i,yki;4 iji05ic,,z6jmp txbfa1qat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated .rm .lcoo oqzc:ki5;p88 oa+s from its surrz .co:io olr5asp 8.m+ k;oc8qoundings. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attemptep+3.kyefa v(sl y-4kgmtg; 3rd to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of tempea+ksk ev4rg (yf3mpl.;t- 3ygrature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing ovej 69ilb7ilqo 3r Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal ener 6b3l o9jii7lqgy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no hea.bsxj e,;cdk2 t loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank fromdk.jxc2 es;,b $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long wi9dobkey8j ab r 4y5g6)ll it take to heat 20 kg of water from y86yd459)jbebro akg$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 100 j 2 w367rptd3-txj1h2ialc ot0 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knif+ 0k kz:g3cps rg):usfe blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be rjysa 5;-w7yr at 3):3qhivwo nemoved from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How g(p:p7o0z y8t + sup35 q*kojk;b je7 befy2rzmuch heat is required to melt 20jez *7 bk+btose:op y3pf50 ( 7z2rq;y8gkjup0 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 1s335)(2+ca hdo.u w- dkn zz+zqlvhhm 0 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from b:iw1 ha5usl7 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of iel/c/yy;f xm a tn ryo82.)ga1ce is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water; zxuf bdl3bmix5d4vo+(e0 au7 vk(7 d initially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at71 bl lf7 4kmrq3hcze7 $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to+h-pu wyabv0pxy;d-g) f u 7(r change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change on 50i a btdcj89w-6xlipv7 rd5le gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to pjnmg:) b vnzrky )2cwrfq +c4 o;/o:,change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea bybx n44o1/xw 7.lszz dbrpy)b. adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and t0*t;z 4oybqby he heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting poi;bbzq*yo40 ty nt is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity w (t.abwc9ea*of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of fdow,x m xv9otl+-; a3aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. Thavlo3;wd xt,+f9 mx- oe rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimen hyon.ci 5 p9.okoh+f9sions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempero.n+foh y5 kph. 9cio9ature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dijuekz1 7 1z4rj 1c6uugmensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperaturz uk6j zuu71ce1j41gre is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m s:tepzg.d)w5xu5z , z cection of concrete ,5):zzt.w5exgdc zu p($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfe qlh-6yj)x-by1(a s5x9 rltber 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 400h:pjn g *u bd0l7pzo*4:lixj4 0 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refinin17z a8syq32rqy/r5yq z9yx rv g steel, the temperature is monitored by meas 219yrszx57v y3qzqry8y ar/q uring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it is at lq ce1 9dxp3-g$33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection area o s, dp5owzsb3,*j mu6yf $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.