Which of the following is the smallr rd7eitkto7b:z w3)2;h / l.hdmw+tlest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the qo88nlh- lk c:temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kin/sfg 3pci(mn5*vc* nnetic energy of individual molecules is referred toni**/p5nm f3cnc (sgv as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming poo;kcs-m/ yz*zv/mjr-nl of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both;mz/*cyk /-- mj vrnsz the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas dep2sd*.somi4 ch 3e:eltends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume 1vy5lenh,l x8rt4qi)is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is 48iyn r 5,1xhteql)l vhalf the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy+-znqnb,8z rseu p.-w U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically iru,yz d h06-28hgmz ir4zs37j udk1 uds that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a highel6*c-ewhddfj qku:3. r specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibriumj:ehw3u.fd d q*l k-c6. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot pie61, ))egynvjkqf xj*yce of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the g*k)1j e,ynv 6q yj)xfcopper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquip:brei r+z7s0s th(1)/vlnw w d state is referr/( +wtbnseh:v0rzl irpw17)s ed to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is remckblm0s z5 vy7f/;f67 zg)arf ;bfcrsa 6 z7v7l50kgz mf/)ymerred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substagsy; v( qt543a4- h bzakgnm )z/mpx3gnce at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezerk94ln8,s oid*i.xg7c 3 fjiws

  When a liquid evapora.et,w b6 z,cbzkc6m: ztes

  When a vapor condense( wj7w+kwlfe.,c rc)ds

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into wateebk)lb)*5 u nmdw8x ;wr droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air iu;m)8wwbdnl xe* bk5 )n the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boilinf,7g8imha3ggc5baj d cz/ x s(0:qob2 g water causes

  Equal masses of water q(8:d;*t3 eg lezc vviat $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of mtd my5rdz6;71p ,7nui vazg7nolecular collisions is referred to ari715vna7zg d7 pdt;yzm,6nus

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does xowib:/snem+c/ ab((h: h lj88 snxm8one end of an iron bar become hot when thas ixs8bmwo+8njh/ :cl((m /e x8nh b:e other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels muc,iu 2f6z+ vs-mnp 4tzics+jdo - ovu0/h colder to the touch than a piece of wood +t/fsu- cmo-+z, sp 6vjd no04iu2viz. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous matemb3ua0 n6cfg o.+b, errial, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference acrosbneoga0 .b c,r63 um+fs the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivitgxy q: l-nsm b*,11euxy K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness m x:*1-gb1xlsny,uq e. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by ty3 k)ah 61o(ymy3z cmxy-* cfnhe mass movement of molecules from one place to another isz3o6 cyyyxky n3(m)*ha 1fm-c referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of wcsf6 f33z9 7 oufbqj7sater heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurowsnl s.ql8) xzsx 5)6

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans iah 8 5ah op)i .+,dxgmtgwf3dx6 r95cwn mainta3 xi6tr fdxdoc+ghwa8a,)5m 5 p.hg9w ining suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleratity7 yq d5h gutn,tn8*4on of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currendyun tht*7g 4y5, tq8nts caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materials. One dg85xwurlwpi; p/k 8nqyio:k28, x h.of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house 8 g iww ykhx/8o52u:nk,;.dl ip xqrp8would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperlbx*/:,dcj(b dgml 2r rq ( 3uo3bzmk1ature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radk(z3/rcu1 b2lj ql dbgo3x(dbr, :m*miating power change?

  The process whereby heat flosp)i2 m8emj n(ws in the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mou lbfdm9*-rwk7id 5 p76b s7sechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent tonoaogx04 6 .0/ckxdrc how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how muoxuq6 3 ag4d mx4iy.o4ch work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead2j n*pbs(s yu; ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the 5btrj wm+u,6wrb(yh/ai6 n)i resulting temperature cha6y5rbhjiu/nmr ( )wi,t6+w b ange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum blockcr z,gzi8+o(odv; xj16 0dlwd is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.d 30z 2vf 7gbk/ jh;oh.kqzwx ku/h/r(0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water a.bx (ej g.em.pb0ee4et $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of cop7g, /s wnh8ltnper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increases /h8t,sw ng7l nby $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metavx(+ b5xutrir6npw 9d4e*) 1p q) q*mq7qpr hol is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, ini+:0jm ijeh lv w)o9x)mvp;9wdtially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at uyx2 :c-,mfwq2sod(l $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a syste s.revjzq-o: s/ d3vr f/l86pevuo9 a2m that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initialr9 oo-l sz :a/p3/8eqd.6f2vsj urvev temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joyj i/jy: andy4c 2npc(:;w/r dule attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. Wha(2 jncdady /cryni :/; j:yw4pt maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assul89i *c*if *x ,amoyy1pwcmp zz ji1(2ming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal ene8cy ipi1wacm,jly fzox1* ** (9m2pzirgy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat lsf+o99p dze/e2 2 d.qmlb 9fivoss, how long would ilveo .+9/ 29fdzbfeids p 2m9qt take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How j+ w3hq ryqhso l0+;dev. j39um*;dellong will it take to heat 20 kg of w;vojq0u3 .h slhldr +9yde;jmqw+ e3* ater from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1i4zh hwm ng6y.w.4u,s .eqp l)000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat = +k+6hpz3i p* elyjr,h$0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from sgyxk5;ag(ek,a4c5o q wis2yj6 3/esrteam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is .gpjarab6ti 6do 5y a5g1if2-required to melt gi-5a tgj a2 f1d.5 bi6ro6yap200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of iq.-h.8t-wo) vu +4h +53o xmuzw 2ichvynw trvce at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from mm3. b8op lyr88 2ffkb100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcals9 v twec4 7zzvg;ys2;/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiyc d dm0:c/2h k5qrv(fally at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water apkuq 9mqx-6 0rt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is n5e8wqn/q , koleeded to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to cha q,jdv r3iejknv7u4iv+xwcu0t);:a /nge one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change x-xza6 6+vo6 +goh,cd*;q+n bkdu dkn100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice te4nl;6r-0x7 zym+blb c ug o)smf).hzna by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of leadru 8o rzv(x ovt8-*6cz is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its mo (-cr68zvu*tor8z xvelting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity o tkwh l-li78ptl e,1j8:clai4f concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two ropx gnas* 9iy2s 90wcl5ds (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal s9wciy 0pl*259ga xnslengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-kglw y hz1e 2q)1hid 3fub )7xh15hf.ocm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperxf1. hw7) lodub1k g zqh5)23fihhye1ature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions ofy notyuc7,*u2 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temyoy*t,uu 2c7nperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2be z5n+r) g v8r:qd9xa0k o9 se5:3pq7ln oqkk.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete 9rb + kd3n nq ero sag:qkq95)ol58z7ek0pvx:($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfew5:ija6s vss; r 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of0cegs*zhv*z:xoui,+ 6br)h+p je) s y heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refi+fi8 sabi3i(m kyl::jgkhm 1 8ning steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant powg 8lsiaf+ i b:1mjk8mihy:k(3 er emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy uy -, h+ujzp;f-yxgg 3when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection area of 45j dhyub 599 cbap.pr$15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.