Which of the following is the smalleq1mu3 6kz6yzmy+q*i ts4w ehrq0f- z0 st unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessbibyq; c :h2u(dn-*oj qab* 9zdar vw4*,+t dsary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of inde+ v*wfdih+a-d ;l t/oividual molecules is referred to aoth wief;v+-/dd+* las

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare t 2fqcb31grm8f h/gud1-s(s ,fffyej5 he temperature T and the internal energy821f f1 /(g-r uj3sefg yfc,mh sq5bdf U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gasr6 3n,ur-ugwl depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is xa)2;v e. b-qwcrlr f3half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energyrv 2c3 a-fwb.l r);exq of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with intert:b.7 retfaxz z ,yx4k*m: n+tnal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not t+ql/x;rt5;4y qi rrl vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a5cb62gy, nj i-vv5yq)gse x /m higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masse56s/i,5gbgy)v2yxej -q nmc vs of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made upqr a .0fe)b7nf of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The srn0 f faqeb.7)pecific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid )2zc 9s5orbfr state is reffr 95zcs)rb2 oerred to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid 6wgq)4* fa*+d r +q*zgp1+lyxwgv wjwto the vapor state is referred to as plf4xj6+qvd*yw1) zww*w* ga+r +q ggthe

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steas* mlb crr:82t ,j609kwrl mhsdy rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezeszf8,qp,87lld;im k np6vjur 7

  When a liquid evaporateu)7fn;3oo nlhs

  When a vapor condens e9qtdl 27tk(xes

  In a cloud formation, waterg ,nue;(/o0j ds,qwsu vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it raisj ,(/gweos; n u0uqd,ns. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under wnxu 2 s.igg:ea;evze3.:x 3ca pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at w*y rwz(3opu0 $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular co7t ;iisxe;-*9yphs jpllisions is referred to ast;hxii 9syp ep;*sj-7

  By what primary heat transfer mechan4q)k9b;e e ecuism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in a flam)c eebk4; uq9ee?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piec0f*wcl xiv-k9 )g/mgf q8k5spe of wood. This is due to the differef cg/*-0 gs)pif klwqvk98m 5xnce in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from ab2mjdz 7bz3: sz mkj+q.6 3ebw homogeneous material, the rate of heat qmzbzjbz3:3+m 6kj 2 .webs7dloss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed onzru8wpef gllph+) 9d9 fjx6 1/ a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. r)8e f9lugz+p1jxd96/pwh f lThe layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass,r7yph.xh4fhf 9w:zpx:h 0 js movement of molecules from one place to another is referw.hp 4:j hzr9,ffx0:y7spxhh red to as

  By what primary heat syx;s,ux40n t srhyz+s4*s7otransfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurhtn5 rf rbzf4) qkqz0 unk/0.-

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in mai4ls4(o8s6wc ynuqro 6s/z et 0ntaining suitable body temperatur6 8sr6(ocqlet404 w/onszyus e?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acu .p*2 :nycsyqceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heatsy . yu*:2cnpqing?

  Consider two neighboringtgvrrr4g2a* 2 mt 0x/3wt8wbu rectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small bma/rr8txv wrg0234g u*wt2t house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a .v(4ikxl l4 bmw wjh:e ,u6o;iradiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power change?(:6jh4o.ke;b 4wimxivul l, w

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of:q 6b-iy zg zd98zk-yt any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechaaooki+: b y3/ c fur8r4lfw+oc n+)dd2kb;pb,nism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent q1q 1pg3hnxxk1ia r) ow,s .wjx2t*y1to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent tf; uf v048ksbn pv0o gs4qoz.*w8f7ryo how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of lv zzr56(g.5j( eheu(jg yi8eqv29 br uztp5b0 ead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting tvtq0 tb ykl /i4, 9lui1l2;vydemperature lv1 i4y lk0lvb9,iu;dttq y2/change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally at r)6rcb q0wx 6oes:b,8xpk cz7$10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the tempf k/wlwj ++2esghs bz6ban8+ )erature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by ,373tj494.lipsqaq .saltkh r v; wzaadding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heatuojzbrxpu 2ad k 4*b(-fc* 6*w is added to the gear if the temperature increases cwkaf**6p b jxdzu(r- 4*ob2uby $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heateib p vj )jeu3)4hgq4b5d to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, iz5p* s4usqr6 gnitially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at w ypx 447wpz7fbt/ 0ud$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that isy n/9fys/o9bp vb4kh 2s.4g et thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperature of tghy.yv9nb/2f s/s9bpo4 ke4$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attemyilqm)):ngs- 1:tg xq pted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Bq gt):lmq1y-i)sn xg :lanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falpd2)ghff85c xls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what tem g2hx)cdf5f8 pperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric waterrwnlv0;1 rgk 3 heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank 0l;w 1rn3 gkrvfrom $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat ,kplij/t sbrt+ 8qg59)*xia g 20 kg of water fro/+si9tptal*g85rj iqg b )k,xm $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 gq5oc p6fah,.n , $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (sp dcyb,f d0hxmserk/0.) w*ha)ecific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be r fg29uf 3sg/8i5jvpoyemoved from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is requirem0rpg5j2 .f0xr)m -p;qzrjh aii*,k md to melt 200 g of ice)- kz5m qi.jrxh,r; *iap0fjr pmmg 02?

  How much heat energy is needxq c wp*0xwts 0b e)*998ykbehed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed r -vxh-mkrz,- from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg)g.3 ms ,wsy9k kxz:ua. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially rp 1*)(r1qgzmkj cwkarahnp53 4ge 32 at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at bd58uk-n:w +z vjj w*gst/o7n7e( pw0srb) rn$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10z) pia601 plmp kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram od g42+8n sxpzgf $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required t-e2z xk)z /7cvp(c xxjo change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot t 3rtc d 2j g4zam(sypusl.25e9ea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and thhs e7 50c)ylzae heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its meltiza07sclh5ey) ng point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of con/kdqnam /*;f)(2amkral vb *l crete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods+s9ej o +*fl;i8do 6d7ss6rg lsuhak4 (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of *sj do l6shgk4; r8+loa6+esd u7s9i fthe brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.u gs.n8vb h151zpk7ry5 m. If the outside temphz n75v1 u1g8s.bkrpyerature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 mas ): 4 kmso;6j+4ulkbm-hgix by 1.5 m. If the outside tempa 6h-l4ugomk) +bmxs:s ;4 kijerature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hol/y (ze r-x:)6 ,dy e2icab ,iomsk*lnur through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (es zmnl,d:ilk x)6 *2y/iye,o (-a rbc$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heatr55blary xn2au 1o; /w through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside tei * 1ncukfgiz+z-v+-a mperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is monitor+d/o a3h9 xcoped by measuring the radiant power emitte+ odo a/c3xhp9d through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiati d pd zuq5pb,2;2mrrd:ng energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective eaf4g8f0f y1l9 dt,ca collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.