Which of the following is the smallest unio ,gcvx7 hq-6+tasyjc 3cu1 1bmz),nt t of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of d n0 g1gn4xoh;)gzjl xz9mq0 01 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of indum;7-cu0z x+ j; xclamividual molecules is referred to am ulxj0c+u;a ;zm-xc7s

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temp:zknkd0/q 6dt kc3 r5verature T and the internal energy U of the water, in kn3 qcdd/r 0v5k6 zk:tboth the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy rvceun;6r:y8 k6 wy6pof an ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initi rs3+3nhdn w3hi;;ckxal volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressc+3nxd3i s;;3hwr h knure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U a ddzl0)yt1f2z : 9diywjp0gc- t $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do notkyi *mld -wk d:5i2f.h vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacir 1ti4 6;o /6ayp*ux7n ghbugqty than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 caloriehnt6uixq*;o r4bg 17 6pguya/ s, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made u+he8gtivd ngck b;r4qar))14p of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and thvtraggc8) n; i b44+d )h1eqkre copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a sub qmn9h6 zc*1ngstance from the solid to the liquid state is refe h6mc9zqnn1g* rred to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid twpb:oz ( :my;fo the vapor state is refe fzbp: :woy(;mrred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance a 8ooo/r8ike 2kt a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes2g +ack 6k/fks6m ;xes

  When a liquid evaporpdg/) agt/ vy4ates

  When a vapor condenshw awb ;b2r6pcokwb236o )-kq es

  In a cloud formation, water vapor conde.yqfm (hn 45d n0o.folnses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This wiq 50nohfl .fn4yd.o(mll cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water ca*o.*a tjj vb bhd(q +2p7pwn*wuses

  Equal masses of water(3tm0rld /*e m utgvp: at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referre.+x*bb1l mxd fx a*vi4d to as+ xbdxi mv*x4* la1b.f

  By what primary heat transz9x9;0 (a:qtqnyq5)k k sl /s 3hb rgd50qphybfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end iy(sdn3/5t r yq hz)0h;g: pqa0bx s blkk9q9q5s placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feel(ht9b) sx -rmx7al-n4s4v)b sd ia.zcs much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of 4-x(si)x 97taavnbl bm z. shc)dr-s4the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall bui18vyj2ksz 5 h/l5euz rlt from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given tempyk1eu5/r2v sz 5 zljh8erature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductiqsib2w*r r; z2vity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thicknb*qz iw;rsr22ess. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one nl5 +;s8 g4.recxzvhpg *kv;eplace to another is referred to ;h rvse*nkz ;+lc85.vp4eg gxas

  By what primary heat t(o/i3 -l;k euy ti(detransfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occuralsc 8nj 770gl- bearh )18qht

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans id:tzr- at.l1z nvg v7*n maintaining suitable bod*vg1.: tla-7nvz rzdty temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment whervkn2 yekw-vihaz.b8gq, 81/3iu o)jwe the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of u2 k-iiwzq)w8k3 v,v.gan/ by1h e oj8the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular ebf. 4tms)zg3pr98tx houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what woul9e t3 pg8rzms)4t.x bfd be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature ofr g tpbg4f; x wxj-do w13b5y)*uuk(/s a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power chtb(f3)swg uwr b; x d /5ugxy4o*p-j1kange?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is refe55xr8jfty5 n o(pwb 6yrred to as

  By what primary heat /fbzk8b9u, sr transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is eqx vzt6j e*qo9,oal3+i uivalent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how mn a*.(zata k;.( jhbn-v2byuuuch work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is nee8z9t,zq:erh slg nkfwe86n+ +ded to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2 ;x ) 05zrhcrhi+bk2ii.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature z h;+ixibc kh r)052richange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is ori mvj/ekyqxp7 lu4/x/p0 kl8wq; jzr5-ginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the tempbulnp.0).,ihpld: na a(l b6cerature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bjeih;uomia g) t *ultfpts4u 5m75-60 ath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists gf)j a*ea 3 f8.uxn7vyof 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to t efxv 8yag3a7njuf*.) he gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated tm rpq1k+ay7+-1dvz-ur 5gzvr o $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, ini z*jyzgd +mss48ar9a)7gd r5htially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material aa l7 gou0-ej)38n afpkt $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up2 ykohmd)pa3hp 9bn +4 a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initih+4p9d na2 3y bmp)hkoal temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, Jam. uv,s4go4m6 l h2gsapes Joule attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of tempera m, 6l huvogap42.gss4ture of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming . anh3wpaul)+ that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal eneahl+ 3ua.n)w prgy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater usj9 (y/h af1 8zqhwvmyi4jt45nes 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank fm5/yv484qitnjjh z fayw(h9 1 rom $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it takemd n6fh05h.8q u 2hwd;ipbvx9 to heat 20 kg of wa6m;v9w .f hb5i8dh2 dhu0nxq pter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mas/vw)t/x utq6 5s0ie qrs 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife bladepk+h10vq xy y0m+ yd*g (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to lo5k k55txrmebdf ,sv63jh(x5iquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 89hjd8s8( buvfz7q3c7nb (n fvw2 qg;x0 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of iceg82(hv3nj(9q ;xb wv7z 8s q7cd bfunf?

  How much heat energy is needed to changez wxb )263a+8hazdmsw 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g f vh lp6.rean384j8u z7krr-gof $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kc 048cb 1 vxsrvz+vhx 46mf xxh)*ljj7fal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially at shlv-,irme:i* r/zfr n :,, no$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at koy5:frtv1 o4y+ h *q wvwfb7:$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change kj .h)bsjx rf-q5. iw/k:2 fkz10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requjch( +a/ld1wa ired to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requirede)x) p7c ,x 7;ksdgrum to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hotf).;j7 c p uudk7jk1ol tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of 2:mqnk0g.o hgvaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its 2g0gk q:on.mh melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concre8n(zmg z 7zx:tte is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice thx hiyq4 ;,vx q1j+79 ve7swwziat of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod ij;+yi4 v,viq77wqx s wx 1ezh9s maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-6dya4)rtis v3 cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperaturadt4 vyis63)r e is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m b 400xqcaga03xzp abj *y 1.5 m. If the outside temperatuqz0j0a43 aga0x *b xcpre is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x -u:sjeyqmgo jy-je(.1uv,k 7l+v.x k2.0 m section of concrete (e (jqeg y+jv-:1sl.j-,ok7y x.muv ku$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1f;:cn ap4- m auwfx6i )2t7uag,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat iy6f- x (c:lm f+nfkm7qs lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is monitor0b: jm(7z/0u9l sbqnx.jvqybed by measuring the radianbm 7zv0u b/.qj90b( syjnl:qxt power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when2*k nvf s9 mmdb1css9, it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exis0 x evrcy+4xb.ts inside a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.