Which of the following is themkn b *t p,w fgbt;*p3hjq()w; smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1fvrk)/2l2 zqi gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic enerxxdsd :jcu 4-6+v( ,,orfejrc gy of individual molecules is referred tosjcov6ru4,-+ exdxr d jc,f( : as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the ted ck*-)tobu9/v,tiqdmperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimmin)v qc- *t uk,9dbi/dotg pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends onra-f mje3i:* o

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the atok1pl8a4 ns;w 2yq;e e; cv5initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is a e5n4c;apv2ls o8 we;q y1k;thalf the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internalsj*qv 03qz/jswd2u uglu,w / . energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is3x /ik 6wk)zb7wp4mup that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacit 3y6(gov efb6b*kid p:y than iron. Now, kdf(o6p*vey 3i 6 :gbbconsider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold dcwq 0-0l4bjuub*0ce( j/6yp 8p vkcspiece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of c ws400jd6 u e* c/pc(yj0qbb8 vp-lkualuminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the f gt*9ur4i;g1m i /7d x(gebswzkb5i6solid to the liquid state is referrei(gxg9bf/ zu 1 ds*retb 6;m7gii4k5w d to as the

  The heat required to change a subst yx xfyt2209gx+koqo6ance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred to ayyq+ t6f k9x0o2x2gxo s the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a ste**cslv39 1 kzs 1h ww(h,csh)jnbxf( bady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes15 itb mwi:yu+

  When a liquid evaporate r :r74i-wkbeos

  When a vapor condensespco9x5-/mpm w) tlb g: :x7rso

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droyu; pilwahq4u.t1 8 8 tyi34duq +pva3plets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. Thiswi 8i4.typa1du4phl;q v83u a+ yqtu3 will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame mz tv64c/+3qr fufaram8bu 5 8g5mu,dunder a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water nf,3:op5ft rwat $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is rsey2 dyb// -lr9oit n-j(lfv+eferred to ar/+ no-yt 9dl /(fjlv2ebsi y-s

  By what primary heat transfmb /kz*x2ji (. n-ta55g jaczxer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when ajtixnajc-k5 b /zzm*g.52x( the other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a paaulv(yyh q p)/w+ym + r3qk*e /p0g*giece of woody)vpary0+hwg /*qk + epu(3 /mg*al yq. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of (dzrl nr*3ei:a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference ac3r ndezi( r*:lross the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with e.bkw+: ges+s.s b t6l5zd5q othermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another matewdq:es5l. .zkbseo+ tg + bs56rial of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flowb.y/fm7 ujl-as by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referred to asu/ fam .b7yl-j

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of w)hbr)72v pr zbfs h,lu5j; zl5ater heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur nxb mo),fvl,2b8,dbzf p 18fb

  Which of the following b8 xjfpe*l)cvt;m9 f m,est explains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temp v9f;8 xl,pjt)fmm *ecerature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gravity isye*uu )6a38 wrg nivm+ essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric*+8 n)rui g amw6ey3uv heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring reyw v430r+d 20yvt gom w.xl)e)o4 uamcv/bjm6ctangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temptb40x 2/o 6 mye)wmvomv4 wjy0+) lg dca3uvr.erature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled,x74b. ,hc fipp by what factor does the radiating power chang.bip7x f,4pc he?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is bd x)yen 89q-t,.pqdhreferred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Eklr8 gj1ul:c8en1f3 rarth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to howq/z qm) c(xz2a(7mti n much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is eqyjwfp3odp 7t7uvk */qbv/k 5:uivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is need77j;a e/5j znpb thfl6ed to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what i93z0t9bvotnqied 2 ; cs the resulting temperature chtc o9viznq et2;0d 93bange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally a:/fakiwvb+wic r:f 6;+8 hqq st $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of material by+* fz j3iylavi+r92b 8z)nqnj- ,ke wd $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by aiq o-upu)l:.: ,uctmic cw8onl,a z2(dding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists j i6w3ars7cwoq6 hl3/of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is3oa7c r/qwsljw636 ih added to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated .mr(ux 8qrvlkf 8) 4psto $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, jycm t ;crdp7841a ;b64ck8tuuz za9o initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at (- 1kxw 8z5wfbq fya0x:u)fze$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally rs4+ vjjvh 5d3b vs-h2isolated from its surroundings. One object hass+5bvdv-2r3h hj v4sj an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule a ;2r0p3e1pbkjne/d v/3rusm;x l luf6ttempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energ r0/n/lud ;xp;3s3 b 2j mlrkue1efvp6y by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Ni m6 f0-be;wcee + zuhg/k gous5/z+a0lagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by wha/ gmel cuzg+-kezu0hb0 w5s+e;f a6o/t temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no hea4q:3x(nrsc t9mw9wgdy*r,f ih whl3 3t loss, how long would it take to hew3cqn,fd ihgw rr3 l :wt9*43ms(x9yhat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat watb-i s,7aclgcx6 j3c9 qer. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water fc qjsxa973 gc-6,cbli rom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (masqef.6 w 4;8v txi1(unq qhsb3ks 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific hea5pr(mvb(5jyd nw85)bv ;bv ma t = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed qc7g:3 ru+xdj from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat bq1i t0v)f5f qis required to melt 200 g of it)0q 5 viqfb1fce?

  How much heat energy i2 +en . n,ew3ducbtp+ss needed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be remove erk+dh;lif.z2/ xbr6d from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice i* gnouyzdu1 ryvkkp+ ;.e09g6s 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water intctui: 2l q(f5itially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water aqxc dejx9l56 u61owc3t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy i5*b -oh14ci jmmqczmxz c i/m*t: r52is needed to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram 2d2ick)0lk g qof $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100kef43pr vke bw3-.4m7gb cpd9 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially rfe ,/hgd-lz) ifn pk*8f)5dhat $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 k 47)2jitbbynvcal/kg, and its melting point t b7yvbin4j2 )is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of conzw-r)2hju tkaq ,z7 y-crete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice l4a:n o ol3(ogthat of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The r :ngloo4a( 3olods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thic4h u cwe9pwwz3n4 ,ak7k has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature is3ww zhwna,up44c9 ek 7 $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 xodi;4cn:7h g m by 1.5 m. If the outside temped h74gi; coxn:rature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m s.2y 3ivl;uwxwection of concrete lyw2 w;v 3iux.($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat throughv;i-ohq7c -da a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4/f:r. fqjq,: :uswm2j zxpss :000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is dj(e 5z) /ugjxmonitored by measuring the radiant power em dg/5jez )(xujitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating g 8ukie(q(,k xenergy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (e.5gt)n pp oyeh:h5fm *ffective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.