Which of the following is the smallest un. +n;oj iou0a-sdqe 2cit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of wi) w)zll 1bjf;ater by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual moleculeswc9xydh(vc ,h28dz6 d b35 8ast 1nike is referred to asbv(k 8awt98sxnydd,ch62 3zcd h1ie5

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compar t6n2j 2*/ao,hmqyf ace the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup,*6co2n aym2fq /htja and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of a4(g5tu(w wbdy n ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its 6uz9bk9zs 9j ss jp0i(h1mb 1lvolume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is (lb1p u 99zjb916kssh jizm0shalf the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U ae3) )x t;jlg4;fe24w e75hpj -d5lnpsn pqnpbt $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not var6 i9or uld(p3/ zz sp+dopv(q7y drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity th)5o mhpad3-vak3ujr 0 an iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which stath vpmu3a-kjr 0a )o3d5ement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum ann6 0ikuqp3i:z d a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. T60ki zn qup:i3he specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the sj7bm.,/rxin eolid to the liquid state is referred to /rn7xm i,ej.bas the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is rehtif 8ihv4(0e fer8 t( 40vehihfired to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance abtlj5 j/fz;t, t a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesco)hn 5)qv ix t68m5ue1pf8 lc

  When a liquid evaporatead4.*l)40t gl6qrlo+xzzl q m s

  When a vapor condensesa, 6z/oj1ob2xyifnatc) tt ztg12t)1/gji d5

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get biggehki:b9-c10qd : babi2knp4bz,cz g, xr and bigger un4ckq 2i0zcbz1 ia9 ,:nx,gd: pbhbb-ktil it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boili d1oydbwegpca +. v;99ssy*r; ng water causes

  Equal masses of wate 7stvp5mvs6* xr at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referortayw5 *:7nkxp-1u4 vhrg i*red to as*t x ran7*y:rg u phvi1-54owk

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an4c78ed)l xz rv iron bar become hot when the other end is placv78c4xrl)dze ed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than almcx( f1xtd5pgvrgj )j 48mb6 3xbq). piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physicalgxv84cb5x1l m6rq)dxbfjt )p g (.m3j property?

  If you double the thicknesscdu* mjpp 7wv)ry :21zsz0xw2 of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for arpu7w:v10 zsm z*w2p cxdy2j) given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermv; vq 4 gm3umdi0/ev1u*) fpbgal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another materpg0/g ) duveivbf3q;4u 1m *mvial of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of moleculespt,l .-fida 9rw;5y48mgdc bx from one place to another is referred tord;4acmf-bdgtwxl p9 85 ,i.y as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on ydxxn-y ;9ak, 7x1faa a stove?

  Convection can occurj r4cvnm4do, m :dkrb) 9yk9.t

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to human:tgox i, vnpg*1z, zc1d5to d;eez16as in maintaining suitable body temper cv,zx*di1,dgnoa;gt5pe 6oz1 t:1 ezature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environm7htvn/jn ;,c vent where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the tnvjvch ;,/7n cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring reci3. lqug*t wr(tangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat .ilr*3gqu t (wwould have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radigp7 pb ep8f/a,ator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power chpgpfb,ea p/87ange?

  The process whereby he 4rgseby5dh (o l-z9 ,3esz;qiat flows in the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanivx )wa/ ,,zeovsm does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to wn2hk 46kvr4zyw+b, n how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent q0/c.j db 2j*y*mvs anto how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to aw( ,1 i jwn6yt. i-yx(u:nvhgraise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, whw4osrhe8e8,-d uc fr. at is the resulting temperature chcw8re -8 drs4.o,uef hange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is origina g 30yiztuz5on)2/ atfxd,qq0lly at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the t65x 0spx14jv wzkd zr1emperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to hea9ip53kh6ewbb0g.26 n fro mnz t up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much hea ltnzof4,o :m-vlpc +6g-vak0t is added v-:k,l-zgc4m fn top6+avo0l to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of me +:iit(7oi:u,hovq mp tal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initial:.wv ec wc j/cq;h*vc+ly at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at i*rwnv6u1zk7yv 7ai- $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from itpwtxkm) 5l 3t3s surroundings. One object h lw3 )p5xmtkt3as an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships between vaky ,fkqcbk skk/bv0*k r1y2( *rious fb1cq*/bkk( sry0kk*ykv,f 2k orms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance ofit ox y340inbq k:jv;tyw.bn ykpp96u95m7*j 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thow:7;yx946kb bi 9j p t jumvyknp3tn0 qi5*.yermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long wsfigk8mm 1wu f u3wj 5*1fpx/ee6 -(t:or t*itould it take to heat water in this t5m * st6p:38wek* 11(utfx-fm/giot rwe ufi jank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How lobrc6ap ,:q2bya1nj tvw(ahz)0 -ef 4tng will it take to heat 20 kg of water fro0n ah zqrfa ,21ct e-t)6awvp:jb 4by(m $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 100pef96l8p ; wgf0 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knio0e1 jq )d (ydrhic/m 1f:3koefe blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed 3, we04v lf5)7uyhccb ufh+jbfrom steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required x dkpu- ;sb(*vto melt 200 g*du-;(k xs vbp of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kgeb+q 29 e ;xk/e6lo*beuu f jb0/hds5h of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to bi8yd9i.ni l; oe removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. Wrcmoo d*k0 p;el-r 7gh/cd+g2hen 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiai:+q el)u uc+sy7fvd(lly at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water atjal ),n;rs*c8stx3,p xnpo0s46 yuk t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed totl/9me gynxv9o1,s) lv4p0fn change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to chang **9el l:boexjetr-a- e one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g ojajql w1z0nqn10 obdrj9j 9p8 ,g -+fff $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice te)yrp hyvew-4 0a by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of1rhzok 0u *j:x lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kc1:jxr0o ku*hzal/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concr)wk-uldgf6 r 8 alu9+nete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of alumin5u6 lmtp71mu aum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end otpum5l6m7 u1a f the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m b dp+dt3 lgdb8/sdl*;zvn; tv/y 1.5 m. If the outside tempe/d8 ;tp/* d+tblg ;vdznd slv3rature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 4i a-e3ha5f/k jip*nu 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatureain k a45f j/pu-3*ehi is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1g ms,t4k(ex5 i.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete tg5i s x(,kme4($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal hdt 1zl (lanv859/vpss x/,j tof heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heazr6u )8akam6 nt;io,kt is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is monitm8-z y0bar 1jw-zhpq 5ig55ymored by measuring the radiant power emit b-pa105i-w 8 zmymjh qzyrg55ted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiaf/a zwkv/r l1i9(32cm9pqvp ating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists ins gxubcj5j qhm89,ib --ide a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.