Which of the followin8;nlbx k936wfv) zatcg is the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary tonv98bn9g( kayutx8 (l raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the avece:2;l wijp f;rage kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to :l;j pc;2e ifwas

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the tempera :.tst8ujy1 gun h)uk1ture T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the1k:)gtu8uy1 sj . uhtn swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas ds/0.56kaiflxg * mnb8 m(qjtwln+ p)gepends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is hf4qmpvjmhjt.)+ nc c/t66* es alf the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the tc*m ne. /qmpjv+)s cfjht466temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal ekat:)t 4j 3rkwnergy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do0k*q; zsi+fw 1ug. xsw:bhr;tc y7f5m not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has 6bn2 f po.min.a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to eac .i6n.p2obf mnh. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a ;mrw7s 2 pwej6hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of c7w jwesm 2;6propper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to tny/mm o aln5v-7wd*f) q7d/fthe liquid state is refernynd7d7v)*f /lqa-5/ tmom w fred to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquiel eot7)w: (pb4x-8t,ii0 a8nxhwhyzd to the vapor state is referred to as tw zii8x7 -)y ohe:tta(lhx84eb n,wp0he

  If heat is added to a pure taidv3n ylg 8j(-7+rygat 16y substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezeo tkge)ntmv 2cq*+tj62p i3x*s

  When a liquid evapor7ys47 z5p+sro oq9(g5 uoeks 4/pnfmaates

  When a vapor condensei7oaunim,+:qc/;wzi z(aa 6us

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets a-hnor0jmi /vpl /4 .f v4tm(xwhich get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cm0/nfjlohiv .vtx(/rm - pa 44ause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan oetbvju- 8sw47f boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water atl1 ro)1qdp .dpdva2z1bch,;46xytl7gi) e rk $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisgyl,c jh;6 ur9r3ls 6sions is referred to as 9cl,gs 63hj;6ylsrur

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar be/*6 v,) bki9vml qif5r.xqw fjcome hot whe.9/*w qrv,if65xq)ivf mjkbl n the other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of met ov/:wmdk9o g)fa:+no al feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is d:ko+g)dw f9/n m: oaovue to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built frovwdw,uf60t1f xty7hfk 0f9 9 mm a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a gi,x1fy0u9tdfm9 7k 0wvf6whft ven temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K i)bb-b7;uinkmd)lb0f hx y:o7s placed on a layer of mx bkiu hl 7d-y bf;bn0:7o))banother material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one5ag . rcajx)z+ place to another is r. x)c+5j grazaeferred to as

  By what primary heat transfer o6kb5 :gc;3n)ex)khi jkz9. d nsvb x5mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurlbd:j aus3k*yc :f 00m

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is impor/8d h j8fyea;s)guq7rj gn7+h tant to humans in maintaining suitabld 8j)n7jf +erh87 h ysgqg;ua/e body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment wh7-g5.s 0psshotoeo e4 ere the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an ele os.s otp-s4o5g7he0ectric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from thjj ,smulnx0sa1 ),xaut5m3adg s8x:7e same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true abo,:07ua8, ) u xdjjsx3s5 tmmana g1lxsut the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor do /kl 2rs6bu.eu33xod12 5 2vg xxnpzxres the radiating uxo rz12.u5 2n32 r/vsdx3lxx g bke6ppower change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any med46d (,e46xiro rv0sd9cbmjdxium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechan*bm5 2b- s hxg.2mytooism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to howzo 0 jn9,k*a 92,ieawje r-h xm9.ggki much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to he /+v6a +bjdvhow much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperaturektkg+ 3z59shlmk0 ho 3 of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to f4o qaj ,jl/2( 0hyqz6d ke) a5kl4rku2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature cq kd 0y6k5lfq,jo42ka 4z( )er/hual jhange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originalpbh 3c3gc 7:hbly at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises tcl s ndq3m dlo; 3+cof2252abr b3*pjahe temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L ntrq3*0 ro1sm of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 0gu*gj7 wl -dy ygz8g3kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is add0 dyguly-j*ggg w78z3ed to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is hk z(r 3e*he9qbeated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initiam1snvtc t; 0) k/hy;f) q*etbh9( uornlly at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at v1mv, a x,vyl ;3u +80hzq8owygzjz )r$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a sysw8ckqcipt+ .59a7vkyo e 4no6tem that is thermally isolated from its surrokcei4+76tc59 pk qynwv8 a.ooundings. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explcwl x/fic15 :kore the relationships between variocl/kcxf1wi5: us forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a dis2(iw:kne,gjv es 8vs5 tance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy gv2w5nese s:j, kvi8(is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses +qu)9 ocaks z82 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank kq8)+s9z ucoa from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is use *d-mct6xti:df; elkik (s,8hd to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water fr8;c*std t-hm:xfki l6ikde (,om $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (masshig61bn.;c 2uho p*uyswq q zy -r*;op-x1mn0 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel kryjtobx:;+n0yi b9. cbz.73 - vdyp rinife blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam tob. +glzm4qq:tgh(rwelo+* he-uwiza ;4 i3. z change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 804p3vcsv 1jedf1cn;l*6kr ut 1 )0vq fj kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of icerlv1pndf j*;vq3 f16k j4)0 1cucsvet?

  How much heat energy is needed to chanuy ckg.9qej;qmq u;.3 ge 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g of c 9y;db,9gzeu $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. cs . dks(yr,l7la/ (zc When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water xvw+p:i :np:zinitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at z/78 lp yma(jg$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg/ 6jz-lme x7yw of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram of 1v(z8ecb:mqq0 cq zm9$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requir ,a g1c;6ylsky,di s oqqvn787y t)0kfed to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea *s9kd+ewu b t6f86usrby adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of (pabec (a5qhe yy*w 3-vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and iaeb-cq((* hyy3w 5ea pts melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete is 5-t1b 5x +e qxr*qlpul$0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of7i-n nthf+.,da xy cg ldrlxj)48o9b7 aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radi94 nar.g xd8chbno)-x7iyfj7 d l+l,ti. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the c19pzar9eiz1 outside temperatupc1r z 19i9zeare is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outsikkkb;r+5pa- lde tkr k+-kb ;ap5lemperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of +c)rk-wd vl w/concrete v+l)w/ kwcd-r($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through agar)au w/ dwnef +(31a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperam k r(bj6/dz-we(0kd 4.q 9+yi xqrbwpture if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refinii;bga9jfv.w0 k7yg6 lvs7 ee,ng steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole wlfv,g j i7607ebvse9k;.ag yof area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it is atmb6/ cfgolx 0( $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collect 1wz+qgj5.htaeg; h )ezc(a.uion area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.