Which of the followingrtiajtrxk5:2a /p *q2l ug/ 4t is the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperatuj;k.l/:qu8 m/wy2 i6.hfz qjbdu9 pjol:vo+jre of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic e scep5 hdv;67qnergy of individual molecules is referred to cspq7 h6ev;d5 as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. mn u ww(992w4 mjv b4mr/ul+zbk15xpx Compare the temperature T and the 5u1r9u2 (vn4bbml4wzk+ mjmxx 9 wp/w internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends qd4o+ 2d y0qtnv:cle (ckl+f5on

  An ideal gas at STP i+ 5.m) 4cfbvm7bwsm lss first compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand un+ vs5sl.c4 7b mwb)fmmtil its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U athu 2+6to(imrt7 tue5k $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures r2o87j ov17yilct(:ypbiv9 vdo not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity thanc4:xok b+2hy 0-y sl8ri;euvs.vv;eh iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thhs 0vv .hs;b:li +2kycr-;uvy8ee4x oermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is m uz 6wgfm*r0tpr9 ,-y h;8ommsade up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum iu gsofprzmh *-;m6rw980ym,ts more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liq/+x tz y z/l 9w+gyzztr1uts+q5hu.j 2uid state is refzlq9yzgwyz1+u+h +z/ x2t jr.ut5 s /terred to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid:u j-e 9gdge k3 fl66lk5rznp( to the vapor state is referred to a 6f-9 lg3zejkl ne5u( kdgp:6rs the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady phs+hk*sa 5:brate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze1 o4i3l guftgnr3n) mnb 2s(p9s

  When a liquid evaporatjn *oe 2+f/pmies

  When a vapor condensfiff)e 7 fs9r4es

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into q;ua d.z kt*aywh,c+h r 6y;y5water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of thekc,h *5;qaayu 6ydrt zw. h+y; air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boilinqq)9s+vo z ls)6xnor;g water causes

  Equal masses of waterl:l*6mzjdkiss4 uc )j8 g6rw7 at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is ree q6vb9c b32jrferred to a2 ebv6c br3jq9s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism dop zt9 k7i3w8mmgd.el2es one end of an iron bar become hot whenpedikt87mml 9 wz 3.2g the other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch3(. 17*fyuwqvz wuhsx than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical3z x(swu .fw1u7 *qyhv property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous m7gdh p; iisasu+/k p xf-u: xl1hr*5.paterial, the rate of heat losrs*u fpkp +g - a.xhlx;1i7d:sp/ih 5us for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating materialho;isvr ai ;kr hn7-9,t/mj )l with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composii sm;l9v,) tojkhhrr;/7-ina te sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass move8 d ju 7dief wdv/-h0fp6xs55nmj1 gk2ment of molecules from one place to another is referred to 6i - h58jfxj02 ef gndk57suvd/mpw1d as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stosc.wq*t dah7 raw+c;m:ii 5b3 ve?

  Convection can occur ,79tbtdbyx p60 ymih4

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to huehz+xu*d,h) tmans in maintaining suz uh,)xh e+d*titable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in ukk6 ,8)1d*h)al bjuh +srmquan environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the conveql ,b+hak)h*rs k)d 8uu 6mu1jction currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular housess(ihxrrsplb8 mjf2 q87 w d73( built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the x78ji(7rd3sf h 2lrsqm8( pw bother. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperaturet(d-veaz4dhpmo.n f+t; y+ tt0 ( il8u of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power changehpv8+ eftt+d. du mtlon (t(y 4az-;i0?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any mediuk )p:tp7p5z0ag( tbw0ukq 9ikm is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does thezq(o 9sh,s .dl Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equi:,w(etm / usnvy,i;b dvalent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is eq /iy,x06 how:v+dioe luivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead se-4/ omfolbp 32fn:6d-ed bn ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulti5zg7au57f4hu+uoaw 9czs* of+3gplzy8* qfnng temperature ca u+5u7ouf7 awh**+ cpzqf l 35ygg ozsf84z9nhange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum blov8 k kdtq8xc),ck is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of cekm8 jz)a4a 3epp mr f25mg832.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up hxr6u3/ gh,bwfyp qn m5ou(2y ;er bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of ironbu6gzbjw69 1 w 9ss.5r8vdedn and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if tsr6bbz8usj.6w w9 19 ngv de5dhe temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal i ueu8far,80 p f0lpxo0s heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially ia :s th4+*ih13- l(hyauwxjg at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at td8mlwhi*e, k tey-zzq 0*+2y$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from its sjn)d60yp n9wpqr1ca/ , gpl(purroundings. Ojrpp6c(pgw /0yn1a,9pn l) qdne object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore 3lo/d- hx78 ax-wbufmthe relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperaturebma w3duf o8-xh7- xl/ of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a 2xivdm:db 9 tdlhq:.9mmkc )* distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energyvmd ihl2xkq :d*t:9b9)c m.dm is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heau)glac4m+ 3n u* un7i dn-eu7ater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would itedn mu a7c+lgun*au n- 43u7)i take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it takvpcssqkr:odt+ ;;bs19b ,s2+ 9rbu bge to heat 20 kg of water from cr bp,sb2 bsu b9k91;sr dt os:vg++;q$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g, l8-9rufrff 0 wgi3e+b $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat = )odt d /eqda07$0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed zc e*ci.br 0ou fbq,51az5okc e0 ug3/from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/ s-sei/xqe 90qkg. How much heat is required to melt 200 0e qs/sie9qx -g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ics,iw( rl4h,uf4 vl z evega:os. 13n+be at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g of tpq9 bvt9,w j 5c(lg (h6/nvuk$85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of i;cmr z+x f 1e+.sctwd8ec:c 6gce at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially aqe11/a phc:ou sp3,xlt $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at rvck9: o d qe+thd +2smu mdy+)5w8s2m$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is ne ouabn;;m84rox d.dj av5 1j2heded to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required t4 y/jai-. lk)j .wfl:raipuz:o change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required8t2le2 igitaxx q q 4pqzrw18i47b .d: to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, abqzb6in.k68 r ,t5cmdj 4 ss+initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 k12gl7- fmko)lz6simp (*kliy cal/67 l lfik s2 -ol*z)1ymkmpi(gkg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of conkb pttv2(.e8vq::m,rxa 7 sy- y:e vzdcrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two ro4 1sf if.ik3xj3 *ix+up5 azrdds (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free endx33dui.+ 5fr fzj4*aixs1 kpi of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.9a 5m 0wi,fwyi0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperawif0 5aw9 my,iture is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the t+mj guoyv 29x14-x/wn bk,zrwk/ex:7ciw +a outside temperaturetkr2n/c+g 4e+wx/v ,z-a juom97 b: x1iy kwwx is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2q w tn0)4-u4wfnj bqf:.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete fb u :-jt0wq)w4fnq4n($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it takeok6( lf1 izk+d to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature ifrm d6;3ly:i c(9xt0gb1dzqqg 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refpn y 3 kys5b)i3iaiz10ining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of ayi 3 ) a3binkz0yi1p5srea $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating enei 6nlf-qpip*t3o3j(n rgy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effectizkdajb;7 6yw ,ve collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.