Which of the following is the smallestpokv* n; o02yk unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1uxsx/s.qcw isz () 41ht)az t1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molpgeayf7 0j,uc 40xg1 s/ 4agibecules is referred tos,4cejgpu/xb0ya 17i 4ga0fg as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of ao lm h:d9y , h8g:a- vhucbkwm6r182awater. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup l c98b,6h v:r8 1gmok:h wy-daha2muaand the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas *m yzkx *:2obwdepends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initial /vt3;j-dl i dyxgkn k0.bw) +zvolume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done jg;x-+)t bzd03y /lin.dvkkwwhile holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with in/6wbslrmlh8xr8*p r6mq p02c ternal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is tw1hqd3zmv.(fx7 m+srjy 3p0 dhat

  It is a well-known fact that d+cp/f awt) u1x)(w*mle5fus water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in fc)tmp/uw*) l u15awx df+es(thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of alumin z3p0gv.l/pvtum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss ofz 0t3lvpv./p g heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid tvrj 5 et-2) oah q*544vojfssno the liquid state is referred to as th5o4qsa)-j vrsevj4to *2n5 fhe

  The heat required to change a substance from the liqvz ) fchiu1t3k7gl,jv 2a8fx,uid to the vapor state is referred to a t8fav)l7,v f, cguk2jzixh31s the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steaev/ka: .93kwv(e x. wk ggmqc;sd d:2ydy rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze xd l.;fnb)vj tkrp qme/*(-8ls

  When a liquid evaporatesc p4ip61s4 8r iy,bkqz

  When a vapor condenses vn3c7j+nkhhx a1 ,whpq12 yq8

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which g/pm/f rrd k6n7efx)+ ket bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperatur/ e6f7fr)mdk/+ rnkpx e of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of b-kaj.tc aj6 8re v;ns7oiling water causes

  Equal masses of wateru00o, ds2r87s80q n,njaxnzvqxc8 hggb) q0l at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referxbh)op/xa ,:l h(sp3i vkh(j6 red to asi(:hlpx(jb /xk3pva h), ohs6

  By what primary heat transh9m -n:pe3 uq xvrlx15fer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other p 9vrxen1x h-lmq3 5u:end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a ms: x (*+ dz)mr6sacv;y,garjpiece of wood. This is due to the difference in whic( r*vy6msm x dcjz ;g:,)a+rsah one of the following physical property?

  If you double the th6p+j4qjxyv qq+f) hw )ickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given j6 +vqp)x4jfw +q)qyhtemperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer (al(.i 2ycdmcm 2db(*21tb hbff*nhb of a(bit(y2*b12a*cfd cb hdn2f . ml hb(mnother material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movemenn/p0g sz 8i2 wt qe(,5uiprc-j, zi2yot of molecules from one place to anor5wqiz 2pjosgie(zu 0 ynp -,/ t8ic2,ther is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanihos ,z-kcs7q3sm is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurk a;8yagontt, -8ekch -p5lg;

  Which of the followipwg y2ff)7m4;zm.om e ng best explains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temperatur4y2 pgo7fz)m.mw;fme e?

  A spaceship is drifting od:q ;ll5.nc bm:9wxj in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the9ncq:d. w :l;m5oj lbx convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materialheg: up-ix )h/s. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would b iu)hgx pe/:h-e true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiai29 6;lh8wngr qojhm 7tor is doubled, by what factor does the radiatingwoq6gilmh2nh; 8 r9j 7 power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence o4 xfm .ei8. cea05stybf any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun wnmw s ffqadx)ff7kpa62sqb. 897v 2 u.arm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equ1 zgkd4pobt n 0,+/ysvivalent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much w: /,aox.xrl oyios6 0d7 o3nkfork?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of lea lkv2 ;*q,-ndbonb t;fd ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what 8a g79 bea 0fn7tcn/bmis the resulting temperaturtag8nb abm 7f 9n70/cee change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum blockajhp2uqo6*5ftv6+ro s ,y6 ;hruwwi4 is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the tem p5a/)pck1w.0 hgkf ;gar gxy6perature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to hes.n9nly ; zo9nat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg o(;m, khp:hbgqf iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increases by gh pb m,qh(k:;$35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated tqa aqn.i -pum+l 6k/fhcd3a,4o $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially at u s zz z+jymg1vl*/o;i):7hed $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material fk-r ic4orq1*at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermallys: 0joo af 0ajngz((m8ehb6j- isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperature ofsj fa((oz: on agm8 h06b-0jje $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships betwea 2x-tb,q5fk5ej0t vben various forms e t5qftb5 a2-xbkv,0 jof energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Apk)t:pih ( 2 (mrr9wjzssuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature rp):92(j k wtp i(zrhmdoes the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long wou63+h;tves *oy+r1yyvzy wkj gtp+u ,/ ld it takehtgkw+y+ tvry3o uy;6 ,*zjep/y+1vs to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg 3d 87ha bx6*s f9vokdqof was *qv bd9o 3kdf768haxter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 gtqrgv)3nk42l , $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel kniu/g7 (gjgs 8x59ipnsryt zw;/fe blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from stwmzx pi3p11 . mai.iv.eam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fu 5wkky(g-ke)p lu3t9h sion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g ofuh39plke)(ky-w5k gt ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice at cz4t5wd 6 sxftk,.z0o)rq ej6$-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed m.2nh*jrbc.kfrom 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 w x8- ,fqa: 8tyyat t+z-dg/qnkcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initia * z0j.lp 3nenada wmv;u6szkgp (;(0ylly at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at (fa/(ko zo mh2$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg*,z 9tr hdg3.tqy 1jws of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one grammp6z)piq18(zcyc+ lf of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to cha,iv i t12l/s7yli lgb1 ar3d7tnge 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1..;xxhi+7n xb c7e9kvc 8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion o6m+ oi( i(cx j**.q-hddxta ycf lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, a6ij-o*(ta xm( qyicx+ c*.ddhnd its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete isk a+8a :apvbt79us+ owa:muc /w.3hw v $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twi 8aky (mogfvfret79ii bksc 5-b; 668tce that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod istk9oms a-b6f6it8 kbir( fcyv58g 7e; maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cf2t( pt t.l4/do 3zf roo2..txxwuh)br1mk x.m thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature mkwr2ohur3)1pt 2fl.tz/ft(.td bxo . 4o.xx is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If tyi.)r )egn2 n0 l9hoqqhe outside temperature ieh)n92n l)qg q0oyr i.s $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m sq (pkbd -h5o4o e ns9r9 ewna)e-ch5.uection of concrete 9neh5r-nd(oe qao9-chk.)ue 54pbws($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it takl.1thk obu ,68m edo0ge to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside tempyye 8pmo2v*ess)1 db. dk8i/v erature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for ref9y:el 3nyy,o oxrbw mk1f/0/rining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the ra1w0l e mk:rrbn9yoy //,ofy3xdiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy whe5 /bralp -as8er t/zl(n it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exis f 6wj.pp)angu5a4+;d)w(tu.mwx kmp o8/at tts inside a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.