Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat energy?fkp,ums6 evk*nn + e 6uk4lg()

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperat /usu::u 3e:zttfxp 0qo rg,1kure of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referrex c.d02 *,trv)a caqzg+ mlybnei(7o+ d tod,)*(axlc7y2 mg cbtz+io+e0.a nvqr as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a s )jgn b+xadvq2 t6iltt.k7d6.wimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal en t+tlj.xbid7n 2qa6.6 dvtkg )ergy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of e(zsalwh0/ t5 an ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half tdj+iv8*xw )zoucn8a a05s. jphe initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is halona)jdz.w8 apsx uci80v *j5+ f the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy Udxdn vzz ( t))4m/g*lt at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do notq3r;i(j h46s5nqo faf vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacityi lg9k2 *qidmvwf;xbo ,*jv 5; than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron t5ig;fj k9*lo2ibmdw;vq x ,v* hat are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a9 0 *dz 9tzdmwbdd,s9t hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the alumizmz,d*9d9tst db0dw9num and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from zaaa vcvyhn--pyr8uu)*x0 w,9u 5/ tit2 a7 qnthe solid to the liquid state is referrr ia9 v5zu*wauay,8ua-t n )-y2ct nxv7 q0hp/ed to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state gs( 1x9qygkpeya 64+wivao(2 is referred toq(k+ygv6s( a y24ie1pwxgoa9 as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady rate,4 8ozu3u4 m-x xjzznt-

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezeirtiu8 muup.3; g7l 7; ib.pgqs

  When a liquid evaporax(qtwjtc4cwpgu )/6 --wi fe/h4 kj+d.fwkn :tes

  When a vapor condensetss n2vzkbo:3e g311 o, b7ntds

  In a cloud formation, water vapor convrq,jlh .2 )e;m.cnjao:hzjw 1u 07hwdenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. j u.q)c 7jlrhh m:w,1a;zvohjew2 0n.This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water causnaz;ps(9ia fs-j h ;0ses

  Equal masses of water at68pvkg jm8z:6k mq(m ff uq8p* $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flow3m)be *wx6eyx s by means of molecular collisions is referred to asmwx ) ybee*x36

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of x dh+a /qo)1*,nmclwban iron bar become hot when the othm1+lb/,dh q*xo) n cwaer end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder tof0b+ cvr3 ej -:lzvx*h1tzy9k the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in whichyr 09xb1tj-fz kcz hev+v*:3l one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous30vw 77o oh8iswzp :cz material, the rate of heat loss for a z7w0z8iwp3 v 7oh s:cogiven temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating h x5d 3(zbv:63t bsq )ojkwk: 7xovs-kmaterial with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equalo3wv5kb j k(3b7:tx-: zdxoh)sskq 6v thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by thevln,h y om 08eg+cc5m** erwr8ym rv78 mass movement of molecules from one place to another is ref r, eol*+mn75cy8m wcr88rmg hevy 0v*erred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of w06v fuf (b exccp/t at50h*ewo2/.gk9 d xe(yeater heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur+: h/x lm8xgmb

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humvhr(o8 t96p-.vyo fvcans in maintaining suitable body tempe 6.po(of 8r-vvc9htv yrature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gr6. y xch+baez3 .5gduiavity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heg65 . iz3xacdyue+ hb.ater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materialsxwn2xsj x 0d8). One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintainxxj nsx8) 0w2d the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature w xm*77ezxcu,p q/5 i-clz(ldof a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating powerpcl wd*lm5i,( c7/ -xzxuq 7ze change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred to yxlivfxlk3; r8n9p , ay98f3p as

  By what primary heat transfer z.mtxmk n-en ;m2nx qi)5r-d. mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equi32 fy)m/ut)vi;zzq ifvalent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent c5 2gs( da:ty/o0m o;irj vm9nto how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature :hsz z3roqlr ux2dio5.1;u u:of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of wateruytu .y n;qep0o) kgtkse3+l- a5//lb, what is the resulting temperature cy /esubokat )05 e+gkyuqtn/3l-p;. lhange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block 4;w.*gc f rjutis originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the lah7ex2+/k;r nrw hv)temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at 7ci7jvbw;:cc $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 iy -n b161ygvvkg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increynvv1g i-1b y6ases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heateb(rpdp :)y kx ,f1)eqzd to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially atl xu* h:cflh6j;wx3d4j ( 42logu(e mz $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material ats.0rsfsmnpo2l zn 3y a) -s;m5 $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated 2n,xja:5ow 692otl)pgj v6gv,iydezfrom its surroupvgygoxzw e9:,6)jal2iv d ,no562j tndings. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule at qxl,1kj5*qpp 5fv4yt gviig.d9 r2 a2tempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of1tr.jld5 2akvp5f, 4q igpi gqx* yv92 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a dii 9lexht7d :i2u3o8w dstance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water ridehoxdtu: 27i9 i3lw8se?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long woul :h,w gwpgxj an:(0r7sd it take to heat water in thijah7w gs0x(:w :prng,s tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is ushck,qn)l e)u, vsj(i4ed to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of waterkj4 cu)in()q, ,svl he from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 100qzw;dah0 v7a.o( m1ru0 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat = xfc0klm 5bv.x:wm8:s$0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removxxz diw6rc3vsg72z *f*b5s h /ed from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to f4 +1dsfkvx6 umelt 200 g of ice? u64vxkff 1d+s

  How much heat energy is needed t6oa 1oab14a sv6ys1ico change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removeob2c(); ifw n lymy8+qd from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcalkla nf,zzn*.8/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water init*v a 4vek1hew4ially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at8w.)cz:in j3dppwsz/i/e3 a jd 7i:lh $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 4nq (ngce0pc 910 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to cbu o4k3x t48dzhange one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required t52* tuzwmkih(ub 3x 4sinlhg,+v.m e9o change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding iceiul px3s.tw7 3 to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the zy 7 1/;kk va7z9dv*ppzjm 37s tp1fmeheat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its*v;e p3kzpjkzp/ smm79d 1f7y1tv7za melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of c 44p8a1 t+ggxg- o ulxs)fw5djoncrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one eth-3/4zu ghvaluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths h3z/et- guv4 hand radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 u, 0grvyy u/0kj5t ;s7fsr1hhm. If the outside tehgr ,fu0/j ;1 0tyv75hsksruymperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m *t:yf .-4(za ujh4dolf bkkn5by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatuz *ab(lk4jd:htf 5-k n4o yuf.re is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.02yq2yk wg2hh v4 luowb8c tg0 4;6dz(k hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (zvhy cy0 lht ko846(24kgd2gbw; 2quw$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to . 7i62sc7eafcd h9xk jtransfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000y /t. 2lv+yqyx -vbup( kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is monuog .*f wlw30oc*;at6 xis- vbitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hvco.as t wx;-uw06g3fl **obiole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when x a60ktmf242arw 7czeit is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collect( ; lpkn*qpxjwm b;g2x.gag .1or (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.