Which of the following is the sma(1l*iice +a m6 r+4olky 5brw;s j1 rc71xbnwhllest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessar vz m6ehm55fr0y to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individuvf ; r1ya0mg s4e,q;mkal molecules is referred tovm;;4yf seqg 0r,1akm as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a sw:an cxi9oryw p /*-,aqimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal e*a yrw cq9,axpn/i:o-nergy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ide(j.82 vldkfr *+krv haal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initial (vdz p *8b,fh:pd1ra mvolume, and then(p:zad 8b1 hpfdr ,*vm it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U q8+o 73coss mqat $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically kub4,8.p1yq71.snh xjcgvru. )m op u is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specifi/-oc* 1 babf7 l*om0frqr.cm2i*m d fyc heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statbfamr7*ybro q2*.fdf/1-m*lom 0icc ement is true?

  A thermally isolated syst:rbf b ,f(ira0em is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thaf:0(f ribbr ,ermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid sta tj2t9:36 gbnk 1/xgqdtrm*sste is referrets /2rk*j9d6bgs3gtnqtm :1x d to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to tbscbi 6(8 z4 nv)-ynsphe vapor state is referred)b b -8nzsy6n icp4v(s to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substan u/bu (htx4ti2 75ls5(lr zsknce at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes(u1lj3s4* pk u rlum3s

  When a liquid evaporg2as kg.x, 3f3hcek2 x u..lmbates

  When a vapor condenses 1;3u cqcdlh;w

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which gelxl*vrl:x cz l6;j:f4 t bigger and bigger rvllxl6zl c ::;f4 *jxuntil it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame 7 , 9cx1jeohs(rjrxw; under a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water2o7 y;n y6noyp at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is re5y jlis) l zu*2m3p:pcferred to asl*cyps) 3z:ij2pu l 5m

  By what primary heat transfer mech :4q5 cz sponct ;)trq3v51 iqwopz.k4anism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in a flame1ct:z 3qoqw;qzvs5 o 4p kr.)it54cn p?

  On a cold day, a piece of m-u hn bp19/bawetal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of b/upwa-b1 hn9the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a w m-6zyc:*5lgv tw2t0ndhjx- homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thicknes:w5l6gxm-0-v t*wn2jh ctyz ds will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is tz4yi 90 wasrhc 9 klxfiw3zt44rq/8 +placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal con4f9xzz 4 wi3tis4 w/kar0 yc+lrh q98tductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flowsg.,;gf:kis8z:u mu qs by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referred :qu m.z:8kggsusf i ,;to as

  By what primary heat transfer mecchpt 3/ve7r;iv4 v )tthanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occuryus 5xjh 444am

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important/ c 3y4rrn6euv to humans in mainty4 u3vcn /6reraining suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of grg1 2rqx4wubv7 j 5l0qoavity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true abw42 0o xq7gj1lq v5rubout the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighbori gisk0ss - rbfzz3u 4+*.pl4ccng rectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditioncu0lcsk *rb4z fz+3gs. i p4-ss, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doub,nmqcfn ka4+o nh60a :led, by what factor does the radiating power chang+4n0m 6,:fhkcqao n nae?

  The process whereby heat flo /j4;baw5th7k2o ar oyws in the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does tbs- i7kvud506mmzflx k . av.+he Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalenjz7-g pw,glbs a62 zb/t to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivasztku7 +4/ tfblent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g(4vqmlov(*iasqh/:+ f m; pmf of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is as3aoq0v0; jbgdded to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature c0g q3sab; j0ovhange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally u9g,c22bzf6oxws4 5u ab0 eo tat $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperatur os5sp6v:im;mli.na g9n *bz ,e of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding sy5-m y voha3-5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of ujup e5a 03vdhm, c9m 0bk6)xtcopper. How much heat is addev3p,jcux)uka05 6 edbm 0hm9td to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is hg2 x-mtv.m uizkxs0i00 g(+saeated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initlx)-k;t-:yyt;b a5g,dua jiy ially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material atonn + r+5np/gz $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from v cyon9 im,xk:oac+58 its surroundingv +n58yoc,:xo c ki9ams. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attkq7gcg q0k9o1empted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20q07kgqo k 9g1c m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Fal7x ;dbz* y6aqlls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to ther*ab q7l ;z6yxdmal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, hdge 6 l4a4jnw4,yvdm +u 4jfd 5jg3qw7ow long would it take to heat water in this ta4jna+f6dgj wlj yv d,u734g44e 5qdmw nk from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it takeq3yhe cqs57) a to heat 20 kg of water frh5qy c q73as)eom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000j o6b co:h8hlua:,+zqsi: 7ga g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (sekz7-xf;zas/w6 y (pzpecific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed frv qro007co nj5j0m 6q*bkh jg9om steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is r;xbf3 ;y xs/twequired to melt 200 g ofxs3/bf ;;xyt w ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 mgd6o ;9spv2(lpnyz+ k; 9saoi s8pc( kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to e7lgtv + *5cdbbe removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of icfu;3kw. s uy-24mr*mkj ; hvfge at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initia7gex 8jb+f/cx f 9lk+mlly at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at v 1ub5 5p.e)w1aojoyu$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy isz(8 :bdo*ztcq,ks k4/u g pgm5,0c:w um9cjvt needed to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gr2c:/xtok xy:yc a,ffg m./iogsd.m ,7 nn,rq1am of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 10sdq3a 7vmf m9 5(q 6bkea2kqx uak o(g;3hac6)0 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by ad9 bk p v3iw6wh+9i9iniding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the h+:gy: ts,s jug j(v2seeat of vaporization is 207 kcal2+:(s,vtu:ysggj sej /kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concv mey3 mp85wtcic)e)w(r,z47 d.hem g rete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two o :m.p-z jp1cceezm 3ajkz*yl6c7n5,rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The fc 6,*c:mzemz3a 15 7.kcpnlp ze-yojj ree end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 i2e5qd welaoag u9h1h-jzs 9en9x,81 m. If the outside temperatq 29g 1aoleseu 1i8-hwn5ex9ajz,d 9h ure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outsid, y 63xsz,+jernaobid,k2v+ te tempeasb 2xi,v y,ezd ,jn 3t6ko+r+rature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m se8/hauamzqi *.;jy* + vnbnsv8ction of concrete ;s.vqu 8h n8v*jna a/mbyzi* +($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal o9 as0a,ijm)i 2vy/w v2zm vzr4f heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kca.gf (6xb 1n7mxat)hf fl of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used fou8;1g9c /nv gb j:rgzjr refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the r 9; vrgzngu cbj/:18gjadiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating ener go:ww/dejqn*23m(k k gy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a sola- rq ,d*-km* 4vft*pl gsccx3zr collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.