Which of the following i3 fzr(uwm-z-g4s4 tifd,gn(ws the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of.53ei v2mg)hp ,ke tlrtyh1n t) 6eio(4op v/q water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic ene5/ l ,cmkg8rqeaiqzj:(c8y/ brgy of individual molecules is referred to a yccjzr8 (gmilqq//5ak 8,b:es

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swinoj4 o/6ylubomxq;cp( 9.ni 9mming pool of water. Compare the temperature T andj/nc9m. oo(6pon9bi4 u; lxq y the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy o78uxn 3qckm t vk1yc51f an ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initiqi ,d1 *p+ )3 cs3n)vpkwwcqvsal volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal encps 3,3kq v+nwv)piw*)q 1scdergy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internad. 6d j1/ueccfp: tb*wl energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperaturb d +4t7jc anzq,xhjm- 4+guw4es do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacvd+sl j9c/6za eid 4jf-6bl/qity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and6i6b/c9jq-jezd fl v 4ds+al/ iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated sys4k1hnycc tt0y cky3-;i i j:0ptem is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of k n:t3 4j0pyikc ty ;iyc1h-c0heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid s eei.*t0o8.0vi 3b /bmfh86 ,fzr aauwbpp8potate is referre8 poar3ioe0vz/b b0,wpau88p.6 .* ebitfmhfd to as the

  The heat required to change a substancen c lge/k u)w1ak/h4a) from the liquid to the vapor state is referred t/ac l))1kwh4nagu /keo as the

  If heat is added to a pure subs -r6j5 skmk ypvq69hgt(9 w1netance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesv6 f akro,o / hx:ur8s/hgl9;e

  When a liquid evaporatdlll:tn1 a/p yn(h9 2les

  When a vapor condenscl :bq: cdxg( k ee)9fak a9c0rdvck+66,np.les

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into wawl ur* tg 2jnukta.88 0v/vez2ter droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of tv2 a/u. t8w8l0*jezk2gntru vhe air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame u y7zk1riyh,gxkkf 618t ;5ss wnder a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water fxv z*0wsnemj 88y0kx3bm-g*at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat sqqt t,-myd;o* 0 fbx+flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to assqxm*tdq0- b+yf;t, o

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism .(g qf- h-y dc1-cbvtgdoes one end of an iron bar become hot when the othe t c-f(h.dv-qyb1ggc-r end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much f1 pvmswe.g .b83hku h;0rcz9(vn *,yt4ga lgcolder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical .0e 8bg39mp.sr4h( w gk*a; ,hctvlgy1z nvufproperty?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the ray qm . lr9f)h5kuts70dte of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness willu.5hd 9lyfmr7)kq 0st

  A layer of insulating material lqda- f s1t)p3with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of thlps3 )aqd f-t1e composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mas uhxf,wcl-8q/s movement of molecules from one place 8lux-wqh /, cfto another is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanisz 7t.bv/;dgn:il lb4fm is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur6szlhb */ 2gd04 oycy2ea;j es

  Which of the following best explains who(s wd*i0eve-y sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temperesd (o0 v*wi-eature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceyrvf/0rmv ) 7eleration of gravity is essentially zeroem0 v7rv) /yfr. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same mry8 gwyobztb +ns.04uh6p00 b x01 yotaterials. One of the houses has twice the08rxy1 o yn4b osyt0g6h+.ub0tz0 pwb length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor dor- v,vw-; ngppes the radiati,vw ;rpngv--png power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is refelbtv7 :) xx5uaibk:z:rred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun 02lvzao: x :x)r9 5 cn+azawfawarm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent toxx:gi*6pp/z u bi1(it how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equiv0 4cn: s1yt3ptq -nsepalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the tesb sae2xq5xw4r;*m n:mperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is add3grqc5)j+g gaed to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature change)+gg qaj3 cr5g?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is original hruy vj3. h-ly+df15 eni.ue8ly at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperau (w,roxeb75(tl (o swture of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath w)3s+)q ) z+z jnhxbojhater by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of omh4iusf6 2-t: 4bnhw 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear ifin2f h sbto:w4h4 um-6 the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal isjy/lhw )bx*m- heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initiac21m lpv7* lg w 3ct(p2,mjcuqlly at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material 9++aodz fb.:hsdp3y o+z ub;pat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isol.o zo+;sgto/9prw 5 siated from its surr /pwrs9 it5s;.oo+zgo oundings. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to bg66h zzqvc(+ -sxbr 4 aq+dt)explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen+d(zctb6+qg q-4 )vsab 6hrzx down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 5n7 zn 0j*cb2/ jn3y9zs*pyi mv0 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, z z i2b9sjv ny7*/jypmnc30n* by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat los nl1qfhzt3w6) s, how long would it take to hq f16 3zthnwl)eat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of wtutpdpss -pj 1jr86hm8)g at( m/06fo ater p jd1ao0ssht(m)/jtr6m88 -pg p6uf tfrom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g,wbfea-hv(x .svu675 q $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knif92y svh .ikp/xe blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to changwsjx7 bg 1h3z5e it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How muczx 1 bv;0uua9qw;cnu +h heat is required to melt 200 g of ice?1uqu x ; 9w+;abnuvcz0

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10*yki2*qdh) i 9) tfmn5; ssvee kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed w )i b 2jf/a/1f ezx:g*gyyhp.from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcasg2es25 knuvns 2l 4c: (ni-tvl/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially atau unar:s49ok 9rzq7/ $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water aaz0yknol88 0bynz ;a7,l r1n(qg em7i t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to changefk:/q a :k nlg7j0t a*2ld/lqb 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requt0*n-l ygrnt- ired to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to changewels/88fe+fm ( nlv.bgd1 x-g 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 afu ya; p1c7y2wm9fn )kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 k cu93q)u :jkincal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcakquci3ujn :9) l/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concreph h7 bq. 7hfz7ji2t5jte is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one alujz n6oy,xbwkr0l7:t 6minum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in ky:t6oln76bz r,0xwj excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside 7j8bvms51eq3f vfe q*u1 *p tntemperature is 73f5 8 1qfvqn m*tbjeps1u *ve$-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the o 9n6anv7azuu0 utside temperaturuzn9 aaun6v07 e is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 3p bj fe7s;fd7a6wg6h3gt2.h kpcjq3 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete 7fj37s hfp;gj w6k 32dpbq.c6t3 hega ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,0jtos e7ne, of 4iktld9r8 3gp.c5m8c/00,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperat*k2om6c)dpd7 i z oi4vp, :nmbure if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace uaoc-o8e; i0 u4kn0jk xsed for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted0ojci 4k- 0oknux;8 ae through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it is rz0wz1ryt o.v(z* 1ldat $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection area or+ 08 2e 1g+ lrx3negsmsiw)lwqsr f4;f $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.