Which of the following is the smallest -xcaurd 0k ,a.unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the te(; 0cc).vvlow db;6i jttz-hamperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetl mffvieh 5 + *llmy(x1h;qi ;:ku/7twbf :rx5ic energy of individual molecules is referred to ak+(m*f h5:i;f rv;5yxtiqe1b7hlx/ ufw: lmls

  A cup of water is scooped up )35utwt2lqgf; l5 zcvr- ;7zua3trex from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal enerq-fltg7c32w5vul3 ;)te;5xzt zruragy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depend7cf k3tdp+h e*pn.dz /s on

  An ideal gas at STP ikx:on0y35sa mt, w/u h6 y/hhns first compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final inte/0h x, nykyouma53s6: h t/hwnrnal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with indv ba h6 yfxe/6lpu.53ternal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatur5rjrs7 2jud u2es do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact 1bh8(q , gbaxvp/cuj47,xpzz that water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in theha7 gvb/8uc xz jz4(q ,1px,bprmal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold v ,,jz(xu,ky*nyejr -piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilyke ,,ujnxvz j*ry(,-ibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to tjfe.,g *ub +vahe liquid state is refejfbug+,v.* a erred to as the

  The heat required tovoy4srby 8 q3p6ovx9 +l, xi.z change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is rexoilv4 r3yqvs6+zx8op.b9y,ferred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a stead w2,6r9br na6*phyc rdy rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezem3 ek cdocb9qiyp 9:0*no 1o7ms

  When a liquid evaporatesf 9 tg k5b1zkn5 8vx0odah9yg.ki1w.dedlk48

  When a vapor condensesl(o 3gxk,ol 0l

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into wam-qw7bj 4 (pza*7mvv1t gov,oter droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds t ,1a4mqgzv *-tvm7o7 vw(pbjo o

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling waterdw9 ovbw,j73c causes

  Equal masses of water.c*els: jj d1z at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to b0vl82s8ciph41twjt z89h7e y y0tgr z*a8 x zasw4jzhch02iy8xa78r8g 1pyz ttvtl e*8s z09 b

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar bg dei*ee9:7 s:hmg-bvecome hot when the other :9 -bdghee:ev*si7 gm end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a /u4 dqd49uo w;ji gk4n6gbv8gpiece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical p/j6 ;4ng 9gk4db4iv 8wogduuq roperty?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous m 3g;qfppf -csod l,/+ld 4w2pwaterial, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference/sd4lf;+cppg3 f-w qwl d,o2p across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material eyj fyv+;(,pfwith thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conducff(;,yve+pj y tivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one placgfgg( krs9- g:5v:bwa e to another is referred to aw-:g r(av5g s:g9gkfb s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated onjknq 1o8z,o .f a stove?

  Convection can occurm54hy 37faplza 24kns

  Which of the following best explains why s81hefy b 6 sylw;ft:s/h)zpy5 weating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temhf6p/y5y1);b:l8 teyssfw h zperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where thnc + imdr8ey,qw ,j5q;e acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about tqjwdq; ec58,nymi ,+ rhe convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rwn.no9o .mv9rz o8lg+4 nex1 oectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the la14lz.. v8ewn 9m9nxoo+rn o gorger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor doed2dsaa:z) l fvr(au22s the radiating power chzvs )ludfda:22ara( 2ange?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence(e9k7erwjgl6 i*n g-a of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism d q 6juy.83bu)axmc3lc oes the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how 1 oyvvc25c7avptai96zj; o1q much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to kn dgl 4n3)w3-m 2lsojhow much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is neededui*.:m ue a(xo to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting tem5vigo r5s1 zmic5xin v4k; .q)k9-l ieperature c 1o) ;rmi-ke45i5inv gk5 v.l cq9szixhange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally 7v-x m6o4iq kkat $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of mmy5gvu)wmd h 7-v,5nvsq *ox) aterial by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heaghi )z sah kg)yx* p,; e)ixnw/;ui--kx-u:dlt up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists o/d9ik jsda+bymq f te:43vf3*1n 2kl;r+mji vf 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to theisn k 4abq t19j/flymr:+ km+ej *2fv v;did33 gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heatedtc dl62dbfx) .1et5hv to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of cop r4u/ phm41qt bm5imj;n-gf4iper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at n9a0o9mh )wcw $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects ma9u o ;2lo,gm;n/ foahbke up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundingsul;g,/nhm oo2f9;oba . One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships betwg)j6 y(k6s )ml ht9vqveen various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect fh(myv 6k)9)vtg6j qslor a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Fallsjpmhm yrcsu4 c/7ise(3)(p6ltx, cj. drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the grecs,x .rt h46y )(j 3ljcci7m/su pp(mavitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, howkv- a920k 7f ;xzurslf long would it take to hea 7vk rfl-9;uk2asfz x0t water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long w9-gntj wmpx 84ill it take to heat 20 kg of w9-mpjn8w4t x gater from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 10lslh8r 0hej l2n j.x48q0 xw 3sakzr2,00 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife b ymcemdhhzn5,f .4 n9-lade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it0o, 5es: fq,jf 0rs,c65isnpeny 9h xc to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusionhmv* uay4dqx28j ,;qj of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g ofavmu;,j*dx jq2 8yhq4 ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ic1rq 3w /7sicnie at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g (dplnn 39xzus oi )/r5of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcah4h kaoqg3e;qlw0(jx -q1vq;l/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initi( i i)f2ud1jtl75xxrp 5s r4aially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a4pglv 5 *ng3fr9:o/srn y yp+vt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 k) gqm1,fjr em8g of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram oft-k+pl 0+ovc*;lw ok v $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100+jjh7n7y . pxd g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea(dx wq+*i atgle5;ix2 , initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, an(njj61 5a+h6vd u.8rso b hbwbd the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting point is nb(dh61j8 hj bbv.sro +a6w 5u$328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete5r ts/*hqd .vu is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. :oix)+x62iho uktd0jTwo rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellen:o)xhukxi 60 dj 2+tiot thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 i/n(x0vpu6/mju uz 0xm. If the outside temperature i0uu i6zp(x/ j /mn0uvxs $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.h41m5uewu pcz/a 2syp(+ln8y 0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperaturep8y+h ws(2u a 14eycp5mlun z/ is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will f7f5 )a0izyfwjlow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete a5fzfwij 07y)($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to trays(l/,bt)wf t nsfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost throu.,xc m*qqm8os gh a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refini)q*bkthv;rv: m j qh,6ng steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a s :qvhb* mq6;)vh j,tkrmall hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it . 0-a dlr9mz7wo y;a3q o)qxdhis at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effed7)::gcd tml+y.dl :tukwi2sctive collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.