Which of the following is th ,hqo2vo cl*,6vuhlb1p 6,rcm e smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary t; za;w*)e,b )b2c 9jifz gv7ro jp0dlpo raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecma;iyzg x bv:871vym4ules is referred to aimg4 7m yax1;vyz:8v bs

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool -k m u9ys;hwux+-6wckof water. Compare the temperature T an9;ukum-khwy s- c+ x6wd the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends juns4sh -u(-ys(ys9 lon

  An ideal gas at STP is f-;ehqk)s r6x4ls*xoz,2asoft p k*i 3irst compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the te*x oqtf*,6 p-3; xzserk alhkis24os )mperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U at xv : ,kg3cm )*slz:rltp* att,$200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary .m8j5c9 k) b)ems w0epe+voet drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water haswbw+9cl*3.7g hb pgmtwh6w 0fv-hw ,w a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initiawcl-hgw .w hh0,w 9vw67g*p tw3 +bmfblly in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of iz.ly4hzy ae6 6s9ds 3a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the szz4y6y.ad3 6 i l9eshtime the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid s( (hsrtiz*p3me rl5n dj/ih65n )1buftate is referred to as theblp1r)edzfh(5n*tnm(u j63hr/5 is i

  The heat required to change a substance frovhric4f srj i5)o:uo5b3 k 9o:m the liquid to the vapor state is referred to biu55vco4 ::rrohi 3 9jsf)koas the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a stead3(vtkv*6qhmx+/9i 8kqpefu(oeh ;m vy rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezef1 6 7yx 1jtby(:epvyts

  When a liquid evaporat6sari (rd3c-eos8 q 9mes

  When a vapor condensej-em-p( +dazh ;cktr )s

  In a cloud formation, watehl-8z0fpwxb97q-.3w:d j wtxylylsjo7t 7* pr vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperaturtpyzw-l syx- bq7o:xljh 7 l*t.w938f7 j wd0pe of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a paaw: (pn5 r7c2r:fup pv5vombo2) jf ;kn of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at k47rjl/m6 sfx $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is r1j/serakq ;y-t l1ks -pxv(4eeferred to asesxqk-ts ;le (41y/ra1-jvpk

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end 8j 34p6ls shqt33rak6bc b 6csof an iron bar become hot when theq3h 8s ks6cr36tpjac bb3l64s other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much , .:().gshgb qlao2mgldye8c colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to bsdm a8,gelocg:.g. )2yl (qhthe difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall lu,7oh: 0fi)knq m*wxhy j.x4 built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature diffe0qin,yx.o7hu w* f x4hk:m j)lrence across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating matpzgcd-5 s 9y8yerial with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite -sdc 9 58gzypysheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one plac nd0-t0/hzkz be to another-hzbk0 /zn dt0 is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a )aiho8g :(;d9dpou lx stove?

  Convection can occurln6x9 2*vzpwb43yzq dse+cr1

  Which of the following best explains why sweating bao572x t2+;okq eb+fik8 juois important to humans in maintainingbfe kuo;5x +oi7+o8 2jb2kt aq suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the ak/6 tfe.w7wu (p pbd)tcceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?( pf7t w6/ edpw).bukt

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses buivq pt3:7mkr3 x6o)z: ggd6 oktlt from the same materials. One of the houses has ) v omxz7k3 g6k36gp:toqdt: rtwice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by 50b md.gtlcg9what factor does the radiating power ch9l5.gd0 mtg cbange?

  The process whereby heat flohoxzyqfr;tis74li k 4i89 c(.ws in the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?fju: )1pdlyz:

  1700 J of work is eq(q3mr2z4n 3j*pgtbys c kz1 y2jy6yvdz8 3fo: uivalent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to ho7omhu 31c.yd axjgro-+w 28eww much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needee qsi)9z0n3 z u p,4.iw zcg5zfpia9v(d to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting tempern.w,ihr)lgbt ()mq/ gature changengg) .mi/( hr tlq)w,b?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block isf,kmpm 9/22ar,r.oe ulf,hw i originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raiselz:au4 kx j/1cgh2 orv 5l*7cws the temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her 3loay 3n 3id,sbath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper.y gyp(f- alo7 p.gu0-l How much heat is added to the gear if the tem7uy-a g .ylpo-(fpl0gperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is sz+;*h fx+tks heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of coppqcnp)0increx7j ,izz6.g/ r*tj mv31 er, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at +w,5a1 iqbvmb$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thidu *t+hvr7)x7gr+e7x as(7aq gzq(eq ) *og yermally isolated from its surroundingsa d ur(7 o qysgx)*h+7(7)7*g i+rqqtegaxzve. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted toi/zqyqa 5e0v 7,oc1s p explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would on5q , asoz0v/1yceip7q e expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. )4sdi8fp tiv- t:mr0z Assuming that all the gravita0vtts:i)-zm 8 4 rfipdtional energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Ass9,ede/yekr cxos5 g3 s0 bp26cuming no heat loss, how long would it take t39 2dr, sx/0oyc5e ebgscekp 6o heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long dvg +m 7ay2vznn243ptwill it take to heat 20 kg of water nv gz2 v24antyp+7dm 3from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (b)g-0hh xpd eq6q2lq1mass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade d*3kk.glq)tk+zyw0 z(specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removedjz ei+ry31 onph w(fgic :q)14 from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion oc1t3 om/ *wmwmf 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g ofm w3tm1owc/*m ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to ch h4k3 ( l/.4o 1in;xyf6qdqnspohstt2ange 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed rj 3ul4 ib):l ofy/6yjfrom 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice (7y4oawb66o nb enf( qat $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially at /yyb 5yxc86sxe 05d bf$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a)1hnsr*2 ry *mmwmf 0jt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to m s )/6mrne+muchange 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram of w1(ujxc5x fuqrxt+wn wag78g6(g55q$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required2 wfja3j2j7 .x7ubvrg to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice td p4,uuysnv (beh+j55 o 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kea7tq4cov( gv, 3a-g6e;8s yi9 dx) iy3 svivnca(a o7vi v 63 g83aqscde;9yis gvtv)-y4iexn,l/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete i. wqd- ka(,hzm2+86jdrecbd ys $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (g dhg *h3cu) ,r of,c2b.4fcbyone aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The ro)h d .gy,cf2 4o* hrbb3cgu,fcds are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the ouxaxl 33 h.fx7ftside temperaxf h .73faxx3lture is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 tf f) 6 )3 ovgw2vb997 i;:ioygrh; tsvfo6jsgm. If the outside temperature istyibwtf7fsr gv 2) fo;;69vo osg69i3j g) :vh $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.w/e+h agoz( 9wy2 xtnavcs 10du1w).i0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete ( (v9+w12oc)sg .a1taw dw e n/0xuyzhi$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of hry(8jp66yk 9c2+ja xr- wps tieat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside tempew,m qw 8tc-yzdt56sn -rature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining c)4ydrmy+k3 i veae.zh+ .9m xsteel, the temperature is monitored by yzm e . +x+i)evy9a3r dhcmk4.measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating enerbq0xzm 0 p:/(pz.k+llws qb6 ugy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside alchdeot p)7j.7 m+u7e solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.