Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat energ jpxh) i9,od-zy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature ofrzmxmy9v4lyx62ue+.l u o7 la5: +mnu 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referreds72bntp 6gs. h;)-d r/j mry4jal,g kd to as )j rprstm6d bg7/d gaysl;hk2.,n-4j

  A cup of water is scooped up from a x3cp0 jc;)j0 0rlh2 wbmljh ,wswimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming phw 2 3p,)w rc0bjh m;jlxj00clool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas dk rfh( evsixg7 7kfz.zr 7gwr6fp.54g2o;6ztepends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is halfc+yyi8g +l 4p ( aw+bszrqc/)n the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand +4izwcy++( grpb c)q ansl/y8until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internalnnp: zh354pk( cb(nk 06rzuu l energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is the6ahd b*q 2p.u3o:fdiat

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific hh f7 wltsyn ,-y0;tjt,eat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statemeht lt-,s t,w7 ;fn0jyynt is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold pi)ku92mhkg p * tr*4) ikgk5cmlece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object expericim)gh 4krplkm 2u5k*)*kgt9ences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required togc0121wg gzndcy6 rr , change a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred to a zc6gc 2,1nrg1wdrg0ys the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapoiqpw* 9h0n+- utdacim-+hk 6f3sjn. hr state is referred to as nk- up9+i3h6-mi h.+f dcq0nhta* jws the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steaq8 iii7z7,ni(r;r lpb dy rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesl ,n,kn9fd (ia

  When a liquid evaporb-*7tjaf bsa k7 dv(8fates

  When a vapor condenses,9b8eov/pv 9kg cou e7e3c c5q

  In a cloud formation, water vapor *)-6ufgea5dq 9kdjd jd jj x.)condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temp6*fxdj jd)k-ddjgq9 ).eaj5uerature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame o+om7gei6 q3v f igdkfmnum 9- d 5qp7q4c*57junder a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water v-t4 g3l*p3sl me e+flat $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisionsn6;6y 4 0hun5aks tcnp is referred to as6u0p 6; ns45y hctnkna

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar bec5*qir gwu4xkg;7*rc a ome hot when the other end 5i*4grc qgr 7;aux* wkis placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch br:,wir)hximu 5h/k( than a piece of wood. This is due tox/hir5mb ,k:w rh(iu) the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a 2:2wgnt ufwh, homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across 2t2wn,:hu wfg the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layerw pvlm8hx(3 a77ub yq(zabio3) 7s+wt of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is uvm8alhwp x 7to a3 q sb7i(y(z)+bw37the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat ,vc ;qrpg;j. o4q7pfgp.(n c dflows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is rej.74;cr (ncd pqqf.pg,pvg;oferred to as

  By what primary heat transcve ;ue*m r9oruv:x9 +fer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurd,vphl-4ihz 6itk v24f;k 1v u

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in maj0j6xej*mc vc40g 6 yaintainc66cxa*my v0j0 g ej4jing suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment wher wn8 dhrd895brwlq*7 fe the acceleration of gravity is essentially zerow9dfbr5lwrdq88 nh*7. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from th:zatk,u 2 : cp fxal; iu0cj6z+-4ihxye same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to -+ ci2yut6cz:4aflp 0xuk :ahz;jx ,imaintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is double2 5-bls(azpmf d, by what factor does the radiatings2(azp- f5mbl power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any mep p2lk;grw/-zdium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Su4qi do+sp2d7*xtnnh; n warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent egs5vow- yr-5vf-icpnq ae11.9upixz8 4q q9to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is v2i6jzz6k* /mps3) lgwja 3rxequivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise thbzn2 ih:p- uf*e temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to b8n:dqq(vgkxmur qag*n: .4nd0u4; p2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature change?ab48uk;ruqgnqd q0.*m g:x :np( dnv4

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originallb(v)2+ wz)rf hp kzzk6y at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the 8;isvm; d 5fvr qs(mw*temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of wgh,wj9 lr. r:de 8yj(nater at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of coppb0t msdbuz ju7+iwj:dr84 f6*er. How much heat is added to the gear if the temp:tdsmub bwfu6i8 74r j z+*d0jerature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metalv 3tro)+v sqn2xxb5k 3xw+oxg 0,:a9 pofpr)p is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially c6xkn-v,rt7fa, ;p p pat $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at- yt6t,mzk )8wbfq;f zjp4u s8 $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make 69i 91/fsv 7l-y yos5ir4epfrq( qyqv up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperao qys6i99rvl ( 745y1qyvspe/f ir-q fture of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships between va5a5 aq rs d+vg.qps,x4rious forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a ve pqr a4 5a+vqxs5g,ds.rtical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagar,zw2)cx, sex l6qdii,5p 5igwa Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational qixls,p5dic i) e56 ,2,xw zgwenergy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. A5u d.i: gti6j j8y.gpm.am t(ossuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in thgu8oyi :6 m5i.(jjda pgtmt..is tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to g:b4nt g d.7evbv9og8heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water fbge.vd4on98v gt: b7g rom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g,:, v,hz d07ch( by2jrmtpvtr. $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (ez6 o7r fccygp.t 69j1specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed hs4 4nidpd.vlzc-7j e xk8 wwezh ,:0*from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of rne p+)qqvz;9z2o4p/ ih zjo0fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 2neo0zrv9/ )hp 2+;p zq4zojiq00 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of 6 xnjn(y ,do2jice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs t: 0bn(vzxebk :o be removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. Wmwiw2vl* x*m 6:tu*ss hen 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water init /ucqcc .ybvjk.51cickq/ 7(q ially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a23t*-nvg8yurr;gvn sz7 2hfmp 8v ,blt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of wateemeesa noa(5q/-urif5zrnq294)x r: r at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one grame4w4 huy9byku6,;z1ad mwzqos.y+v4 of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to m+)(5g*d smdkidorbk- b 5 sgrq08p/ychange 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot t9uuin -7vfv;-ck3qy yea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kca1b9uood*0l2qd,z y tcl/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting poinqloy bc9 zt,o*1ud 2d0t is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivit) 2qvlj mvq y,-ht;t4ty of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods ( 1ufvsc.4i8kv o gpj4hksz- 8+one aluminum and the oth41 f8ivs-ks4jv+ zkpghu8c.oer brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.oboxiq*qf9*yy ex n*23md; ; ipo) yv/5 m. If the outside tempe m*oe;ov/xp)*2ibyo *; y q9idy 3qxfnrature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick havmr.03ue6nvl,flvl6 lga5u 6 s dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature is .6a m3 flev g6 v56u,nlull0rv$-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x*hrtp7ui; o b7pd +4or 2.0 m section of concrete h 7or r;obi pu*tp7d4+($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transf-+wy1wwbss6 hy,s8 4 a;*ekala i2c xyer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temn-tig, p6wi1k j7nx5g perature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for2kms bn 12y,lg refining steel, the temperature is monitored by melmskgy b1,2 n2asuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body m5b/:aiqj2me mz-x j7 radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collect;mlce7a*;uu i1)s dtr jn1mo3 ion area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.