Which of the following is the smallest unit of hggcn gs0f,fi 4q,.3 mdj w*:uweat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to ra.sx i21 nomxf;ii;- vxise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energ)i(6 in,tocic;h4 w tly of individual molecules is referred to as)ni;th 4i(c li, wco6t

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool ofz 9wdvpzfrj4e.,a 7zf tq2;c; water. Compare the temperature T and the . wfe;4,qrfzz9ct7; vapzdj2 internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas dep9h6f noiu7j5;8blj uvends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until il-g2 jm.6ok1x0 zbcw yts volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure-b6o .z2jcymg 1w k0lx is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U a 29oxwrdqn1o:spg 53ty2v7 f dfi2xp 0t $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is 4 n7ydtpaj r.mo86y7zthat

  It is a well-known fact that water ql2lm (lvl ( oh9u.(nlhas a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added tol2(hv( ( l.lmluq lno9 each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a ho v zu.g.(qus.mt piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to rem.s .z(vuqg u.ach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to jpu3svgn(xy9i uo 7)y.sm34 rthe liquid state is referredmnxpj3.9srv go(u3 7 y )siuy4 to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the lwun8ln )5ofhj +o*7qv iquid to the vapor state is referred +f 85u l7jonq* )owvhnto as the

  If heat is added to a pure substa wrwe(1zmqte edo m91db/35b2nce at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes;mn j9svw ah4r k:*wa:gkd37m

  When a liquid evaporad/-fa9 xn*ouj7ww nd 8m+ef9otes

  When a vapor condensef5b7tn)n9/yrtwnr +so8nk n1 s

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get bw1/yzhf4c1 la 3 1csw 3kqo9(ztl: yraigger and bigger untila1w9l( ktc ryz3zo ya1hfs/c4 :1qw3l it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water ca -q69:bl 49/6oai /qskljmcqric*5 jn7bqyokuses

  Equal masses of water a,grp(o,5tz d wv)msd/t $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat qu ny6:w8l/d:hjngdtl5dlj9wt: --aflows by means of molecular collisions is referred to as9wjl-d6gn: 8q ::y/5n-dht jtad ulwl

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does pu 6vhw 7/jl5rone end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in6luv h/prw 57j a flame?

  On a cold day, a piecuko :ikkn-u ; vz0-b1p9qbu u6e of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of w0uk1 u -uov;zuq ib:k9n-6 pkbood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built fromq 7j3bh+4qy zi a homogeneous material, the rate7+3i qb q4zjyh of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivityr, f5 wial:wmm40:fqa)2 rwje K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers l wqr,afa:4)0jmewwi 25:mr fhave equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heuu2w on)8szc(qt6(;pmpj.wf)1iqgm+ nu+ ahat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is refeq( m+ 2c (ug+z)w;8 itopu1s.fmq)wanup h6jnrred to as

  By what primary heat trt 0nda0zqr)5 0)k-aw fqza0ryansfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurd 6y;st8cra1b,jg d 3ajuh ;qn+4yd-i

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans i.+k ih/: 7auqugxh6xho p,0v en maintaining suitable body temperature? ,gh i+hvhxq:x.oap6u/ 7k eu0

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is erd*s w1(za-rb zbai1 (ssentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true r wb11id(sz-aa* (bzrabout the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materenndf,/3oj d93e *a *bbt 1cnrials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, tr1efdd*bet oa b*9nc, 3j 3nn/he larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor doe2rjmartra 1be97ag/+ ,ewt 81w yjx7a s the radiating power chang/ba 8+g tjax1w 9reye 7,a7rjmt2ar w1e?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any mediso( 4quwn) o*g+vi3atzoh,k7j3c f4num is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanij4lf; 8,tf ec0grog1ysm does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent u1eawlcl:8l 7 e5,kq nto how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equiu9y*8r7eswzgzansu+ uls tz 3l8-4 t6valent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needie(( z5fy- 1-x4kzd2xx /l ov8rpmbnq ed to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is adczzjj8 +2mqp;zi iw tt;: z1y*ded to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature ;*z:1wjtjzitiqz +y2m; z 8cpchange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is xm9 3+m ten7t e/fl8neoriginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raishm0(yud yum 1szfm6 4nk*3l-ses the temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding w 8+;f3 3ymzrjr iws86*v lank5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copp2r2tyhl f (w:her. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increases by yrwhl2 2(f :th$35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is6u/e:n 8xmeak heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially at 4s 534c,nq)pag vhxbm$95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material atn sk 4u6z/-yqrnv2a lgtx5, ;g $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally8,ep q1f/ho kfab(d2z isolated from its surroundings. One object haseh(zfq, /pf 21od a8bk an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, Jaz z,4dyinj2.y3i st p3mes Joule attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expectyz3iij,p.s4y 3zn2 dt for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Fal 4gi q:tn0f.rhls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted t hqtr0 .4fign:o thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuminm6t ,yjii)tru7 ed) 7l/: vvmfg no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank frouref7i tl6/,ji)t y7) mm :vvdm $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg 34/uc)med v y-pst5hlof water fd)m4y/l3vu -ts5 ch perom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (leu1yj idz.;( -(wcmn2m kik 3mass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (spec :;q hbcisbr(4ific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed fla *vx( 6t*y e*,p 3hosoxmek+rom steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required tol ;j9dm s;l(yk melt 200 g 9ks(ll;; j ydmof ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to l d53yei2i flnkz33ig+,-x pp change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be r*k4xd.w gte l5emoved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g j 9 zupkw6:qy4of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water invllyp 33-k(8j cxu+c / *pdqhzitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at 3yg;csh- jmn3 $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed 0/j)+qrt k)u-brxqfv.pfo 5f to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram ).b*tgns) j *ts.dfr*igq q/p9vo m3pof $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 gb9dmc -mvzsj 4r0+qm8 of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 6f)bes ;0eygx17jr e y1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 20j-lm 1h3d img/; rs5sk7 kcal/kg, and its meltin m3d smh5j li1/s;rg-kg point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivuekkjtb 54*/hl 9en *wity of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of(6y ax fghjqh:y zrq n0/*/k(m brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end iqg yx/a*k h(zf/q ymjh6rn(0 :n excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5, u.kxvjl)0cq m. If the outside tempercj, qv)l.u x0kature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the out) io+utf:u+. pd1ikr lside temp)tu iui1dp+ lr:fko+.erature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of cwxjo1+ -y2 hhu*of i ug/.:lxmoncrete (mo /fhh wy-1u.x *oui2jg +xl:$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,/fr; hiw rxu4-000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temwk9 ms4iit; 5xperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the tcceja/ wzu:. .emperature is monitored by me /je cza.wu.:casuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the hum.kpiwem; -tx8an body radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (efgt-mlb ll/sjpxj9)- +fective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.