Which of the following s,x g 1-ua3aniis the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram ofbgnfz 286z4 yvk*d3fe.0 joyu water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the averagjjqf;t,2evy; xk;n kdbypeev),a*u/( b(9 qce kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred tok e/*de9fxb,;e) btupk(jyaqvnv 2 ,yc ;j(q; as

  A cup of water is scooped up osq2vc8 v- 1iqm i.yq3from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U ofy 12v8iqmv -ic.q3qso the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depend,qviur 1g +v5ls on

  An ideal gas at STP is first comprhwojv9 g6),7ylp( x f8m6tgfxessed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then i)h6lym 9gv8 j x6fp,7o gfx(twt is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy vt-7j00k(luaiqq rs- U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperavzwm 9k(is4tg2qxn1 a uk,3tjhgh29x ; u9 za-tures do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity tha gmes(4.gjk6 nn iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iro4ns g6 .mkej(gn that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system isqr jsvc4y;pd8v4d52q c3z 5ka made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold pie5ds8 r2zq3k45cpc dva4v; yqjce of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to thuli7;wzau 4(de liquid state is refwa 7(;lui4z duerred to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the/ra*.ki1wn xoes+kq/74u ;dy wdq-uk liquid to the vapor state is referr* q.ku/w+/urk-1e4ais 7nq;xdkdw y oed to as the

  If heat is added to a pure subm e3ym): 9 vxpyyxedp09kn,fkbz 8y44stance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesn6+zox6gafm2c +7w+j,l xcm j

  When a liquid evaporates6cq3elm4e (f v

  When a vapor condensqk3x)a(l97 as1tof; c a qv8dges

  In a cloud formation-qvob p ht(gfaz mez44k/89v+ , water vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in9veq(k o -vzm t8+/pba4 4hgfz the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan f thi l52bq)4ro78mavof boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at poknudg2; *l2u70 /e qx z-aia$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of mnnk6sa (wcr h 4effs7, r;idtk 4k.0*bolecular collisions is referred to asrf7bk rn n s6 w4;kk.fi*d,sct04(eha

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism dogvp+w ako6 oxtx) s.a3*/hmc4 es one end of an iron bar become hot when the otherp).xa4x3 wmosh ca+o 6vk/ t*g end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels mux 0 *u a:bk7qputvq+va8t;yb (ch colder to the touch than a piece of wood. Tu+ aub0(q pa v;t:tk78bqvxy* his is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from i *yqb; 1q9uaiuvw+v8 a homogeneous material, the rat av* ybq8+i1vwq9uu ;ie of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal condy t/6efnizl- 4uctivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. n/ye fi64tl-zThe layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass an.778l)u,z wfwlq ehmovement of molecules from one place to anot,ll8en .qaw77) z whufher is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a q m. 15yc8mi4j.jr qwqstove?

  Convection can occurkqlx0j (i-oikt 9k /t.

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is implg k* 71gj8dqoortant to humans in maintaining suitable body temperatj7l1qod8kg* gure?

  A spaceship is drifting zfelw ef (q/,qx34g ksw *zqp;t:9vc2in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one 4q/*wtes,fxz(wgclv;pkz3e 2 9q f: q side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materials.zhz1l4 0w-flm 61 ylbw One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to 14bw0yzl6 m lwh- flz1maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is dr o:hlymr/1g7bf 9jw1oubled, by what factor does the radiating power change?r1: o9lyrhb w f/m71gj

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is r l42p,lqcc58ssk )6;bpioq 1 bv7yll referred to as

  By what primary heat transfe5knyw5ua7kiv 9:) npnr mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to acvn*g4bn9j- he.m*g 5do-jt qh 89 pshow much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how mu-yd fq18j::c1qbn g exch work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise hh wp9b;) byu*xllo,8 the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, w-xth o7du(qu0 ltma-( hat is the resulting temperatur(-u- 0x aut(doht q7lme change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originacd( fvrfdpu/ a9g1g: faey) i4*)3xaglly at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of manx9uzvy(t (),p v lz pp9r8o),pt ywa0terial by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her baky) xk( la+:dnth water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg,s m:o. x3tbaz of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature incbsot3ma:x, z. reases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heatea ,-722li5vqsniqvne d to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of co49yq3hvvz ); dl*inji pper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material a pmzg:j 5tu2t2yvup4g0gtl0. yp -oe 3t $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from itsis 7ex17j4+: a 80.vsmtitrsshv:tp m surroundings. One objectv t+pvari sm:m7x: 4 7.si1s estjh8t0 has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, Jamvwx,u l*lw1 i7es Joule attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by melvl* uwi7xw1, asuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50lm.goz7,ynbz2d ce ,/ m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to ther,/no,mldcb 7eg z2z. ymal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assumingb8ox(- z4mbse no heat loss, how long would it take to he4exbzo(ms 8b-at water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used togq,o4awbom nl8q8u0 awo 78 l3 heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water from n wwlbq gm a7oal4 0qo38,8o8u$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g,9:gqa ds jiv)04v1j9sf 4xsrg $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knsdm a*ztb 4rh:1jf 19.nu pr.life blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to liqhce rif 1a0+0ruid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much hed(sm, mto:btc 5h 4n2hat is required to meltc4h,t s m(h5ot2m b:dn 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed 70:9e- 6wv9mpk ybiz c(-mihakbh pr;to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be remk ;sh/m3 zk (8isjblc*oved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. Whenfxgs q1wx (t ow a5m:iqrpw1/27,i mp :12hfun 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water i6yk otj 3ruy9dz/6va8utj -7onitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a:u5nr),* kfv, xer/eq w qgmo4t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy hhcf0dyix+ .s*t1 25p .sadsh is needed to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required3f1(rxf.kxrui8 hw/ 7mw2 z kg to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to ch;w9sf +o l/pzo t4t0zjange 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding icfbbfsuz+7m8nz pd+h8-;f-oh ) /rwja e to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, a3y yyinn 2ef8)nd the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, an2)8ifyy e3yn nd its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivitidu 6n-( ugy9ay of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivityygzv3c eyk rq8:q-01 d of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rodecq: gqr18y-k3d zyv0s are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outsn k/f03ay 6jak:ujt b6ide temperatur3jn :j6k ay fu/6tb0ake is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm tm47 frff (uqu m d)ey8be 3,+pu*d5qtjhick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperat*t+f )m8,due uej47(dqmyfqu p3 r b5fure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.z g hkm9c;;4cv0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete ;cv9g4zkmch ;($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000.n)7e x .hvjmp cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of u0dws2 tqldp5l:1z),;s6j1 sx pq qlxheat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used fot88,;w(dez) rih j8dc pzfh 5zr refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a s;d)8z8(e twzirp8 5hfdzcj ,hmall hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body z-o49pk mnv zct.rhhp1 -jj6 1*bw+mq radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists insidlr lhqq4. 3u-de a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.