Which of the following iao o: ;rb4rctoky o685s the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water b,l (r w9zv2fi ewb.u*umyo12yy $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred 4zv v 8ba;8;q,ftqlzfto avt 8;,qq8zvba 4z;f lfs

  A cup of water is scoopefnb. fw42 -igm6hm:osd up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, i6.m: gw4f fhib o2smn-n both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an if rd* vnzn3hhn2/9hhm /0a 3lkdeal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compress ;by 2evq:z2wzed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final inqw: 22z;bzv yeternal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal fs:wd lj *9cb;fp0ah .y5+rnjenergy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do nos5,j(b5c.9st zd5 gjb0wuh5vsm 9 hitt vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacitzu ,eic 70zu-oy than iron. Now, consider equal masses of cz7e -uz,u0iowater and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum aaneb -t.6zv5 6d0j nqynd a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time t.n 5 -ezd0vb6y6tan jqhe system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to changep8 ull3l+2(iwteas, p a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referre+se3ia(,8llup lt2pwd to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state i; mbq.f)+0omx7gc(vx xme 1us d tz-p1s referred to as the11bs7xmx mm0f- tc ;(qp)o.gzvu+ed x

  If heat is added to a purepp*.: u1qfqtyurb.x; ,*kt a o substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze9a/o4(jyjfi3y 1 zw iws

  When a liquid evaporates/ 4um 1- a.oz6)c8nkop*soy v+ucw bgn

  When a vapor condenseg x)w2*nh.)t - rrqwd9q;vwfas

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condensalyo q; wf5qo )55r trd9tjq4+es into water droplets which get bigger and biggd tot qalq5jfr;y9w) 4+ro55qer until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling watzx+:y6+y8gg ii i oo* tc:0 0ljhgbak*er causes

  Equal masses of water a2tk i+i55 ntfpl jr//lt $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby kx(c t,iw)9tdheat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to aiw(d,9kc xt t)s

  By what primary heat transfer mechary(okje.dy, mw3; fh/nism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in a flamhwry oe./(d;3, fykmj e?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than apmj lr.; 2:bsqd/nx-h /7pnmt piece of wood. This is due to the differp 7:nr2jm lqpsh./dn-mb /t;x ence in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous -kjrn n..w 5numaterial, the rate of heat loss for a given tem knnj.u nw.5-rperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivna6bnf)b ry7 k/a3i2a ity K is placed on a layer of anothern)2/6 kba i n73fayrba material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molew ek02xk6uc:3m9. wx r oay/wlcules from one place c2ru :e9x.l0kwo3a / ywmxwk6to another is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a tw, aig*)n;u gpot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurmu*o 4)03qm c a2ghojv

  Which of the followi:s4c u6 2jv q:jhqvg;wng best explains why sweating is important to humans in maintaigcqv4j2 h6;uqjsw :v :ning suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gravity1daag71 2y jmnnfd;00wq )xns is essentially zero. As the0 nx1 )qn1 nma7ygdwd0j;f2as air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighborihj6 d3 d-psc8rx22gqn ng rectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate th2 sjcdxhr-6 28nq3g pdat heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is double.duc0j-uc2 ( zg;ascxd, by what factor does the radiating power change0xu- cg ;s.z jdu2(cca?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium isoie+5dthrlj a8.mw(wr:m7(a referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the vv/44x4cr wz2q4 umgb Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much he6 juyar4o3 scv(ns ,:gat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how mu fj.l bah+z;9mq5m8.j ;cvfl ich work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 103r ns* ua(a,rnx w12atvlxo7-0 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, 1 ndvl9:g .m2daf 9woqwhat is the resulting temperature chan.g 9 m2wnd19da qov:lfge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is or6we /wc+/t, boxo rehv)go*y go;u 8/iiginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises tn0zh;p ja -l5oh pozv+a.3bx 0he temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water wy: g/8 nnfbo :iophq 0q7b 9tidg.b05at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.1im r 83bkuh,3tyi0 du16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the,3b31 tumki yh u8idr0 temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heatzk0yo jftry e3m0;*ge a4 fn;)ed to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copixrkzd5 9.s l:per, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material r(-q0buya2 3kxmyu. dtb6j/lat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is.niq)y:9 /r2 asj uw h1de.ztz thermally isolated from its surrou/zdq..ie tjh:anz 1rwys 2 )u9ndings. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships betwem. -6ycbiw5 qsen various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect-q ic.5ybs6mw for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niaga( sq z8yqmag/pxi) -;ira Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature doiqsq z g8mi)x;/(-yapes the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no bh 7qj/2w7xoc xgqtj18y56 pxheat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank f67p w 8tbgo7 qxjy1/xj5hq2 xcrom $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. j/s7b(ns6y p,l* elfqHow long will it take to heat 20 kg of water fr6nefs*ly/j l,(ps b 7qom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g, id,y jhu4xbp0me(1g 0d/9 tz-9p cnul$c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specitd2l;x,0on l4 ; deuwels3px0fic heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed p+y1d )wq1 -vqrludo 5from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat i2u( vecq8o)a+:qpar :c bdtf5s required to melbf r)u8 d5+ te:(cpcq2va q:aot 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice os-u2:dz7s hv6oq0i eat $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 1 -m uzm0s53llzoy)v;h 00 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at2nc,h-c3 )bqd 6 qpshy $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially8m/7 h y/ypghk at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at /bytn izrs bo-2m+2h 7l9ypz1$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 k1cw o aa:ii9 z7kca*x6g of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requiredd7,dqb4k :5b0cb0 k+glnqg jk to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change w,d h(42 fm3 ,mprtnaq100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot r3p:m7wno.az tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of leadb78;m j*hrbsa tiaha0 1/qb 4y is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and ir*1 b7js 8a ;a4hbt0/qbahmyits melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of 61t6agrr( fz6gs0 kz(c4 /ufehppwb, concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductirhl f 7wrmk1 ;66ifwo2vity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths16ihr lfk6m;o 2ww7fr and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick no2up60vbbm+s iaeuy 6-m,t6 has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tm0uy6ao +biu2 6 n 6,tsm-bvepemperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If thes phj f4jplt7/4uub0:,e( gtb outside tempera7 /:gbp te u bp4l,j4j0h(ftusture is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will floxwqovdx*1mz d yg-8-(w in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete --(8dozw x1* xy dqvgm($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfehv 8yb2ux8tx5,dl(sd6mi/ ) 3 raa,akh xr(i yr 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside tempe*wv(48ng kqj4r of0u2 1hczllrature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, t6v:u *2 .yt* c1wjyppipxn.tqhe temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small holj6w pptq1n.i 2 ycvp:xy .*u*te of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it is a7pp*tptpvxs-ce 9 *)at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists in 9 ko+lzb* fe*mfc*0mor osm/8x0hbfn)- iz8dside a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.