Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat energ8zh my:h;v0 u/p zowgczv.m2;y?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the tempera0:(z , mcw7sorv jgg;nture of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual mf *xjd nbe1k/9olecules is referred to jk 1b*x9d/ nefas

  A cup of water is scooped up from3x(xic;1hd7okj/ ey p a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup ai3po/ 1 ceh;k(xy7d jxnd the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ide0wk( olwi-l :kql,y 2cal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compre7 9po)jfcl3cz ssed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature conscj3zpf)o7 lc9 tant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with int- 7u; rr+cnof* hd3kdn/sd a-gernal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures-f7v f-)kat/ xrxo zl+ do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a hip/.houyg67rco (tg1dz,z g m /gher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal e.otcz,/gzuy (m76 1p r/hgdgo quilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminuz:c ksd,zw/ni 9b s4w.m and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object ,s nibzc:9wdk s4.wz/ experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liqu cjd9bb6ftfc,bb1 :ejwxjw2 2:ii0 g/ id state is referred to as thebd :b1g tjw:,6j bbi/ic2 cf9wxe fj20

  The heat required to change a substance from . + zyym:,mh i8sv7ytwthe liquid to the vapor state is referred to ashv:m7msi+wty, 8. y yz the

  If heat is added to a puik6i4tm2d/ r (r8jdo)i eud 9tre substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze3-0j ig)c kryas

  When a liquid evaporatr vu0dcn: /r5/ p;z6d;nuatnies

  When a vapor condensen ob6w/ tmf5-4d3 le a *4lwsm2uemw5y5l+bars

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets xug88.ogc-u 64v6ajq l0-1yclzzb jawhich get bigger and bigger until it rains. This vyxzl1l za gc8 -juj-.q0gc64ba8 6uowill cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water cau+a)7zhc -gyjz(1l wdqz(t z,;vdp ln* ses

  Equal masses of waterzk,ligtl5unu 7h: ib-b (frqw,km4c4) wnv 56 at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred tode2fynw+y von(;p cga+ s5:d 2 as a ngv2y;yo:(+cddfw5+npe s2

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one exab1x9v b9* sbnd of an iron bar become hot when tasvb991xb* xbhe other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colxu zqy6ff*yx;n3c*7 w(ct8mp .l tgd 7der to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical *6ypz7*t3f.u;7(tccx nlf8 gdxm yqw property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneounq 7 +7jejs-scsi g bc 1o:cbwq82b,x4s material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across thejs2bbwbq4+gcc 8soeq jicns:x- ,1 7 7 thickness will

  A layer of insulating matericoeuxt 9 o7p)8q9qqw:al with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conducqu8tq)9x e7:c9o oqw ptivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heab w9a3d2de l7z1yp n.mt flows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to a2d3n7w y ezamd1bl.p 9nother is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of v8n9jo6 m9s qvwater heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur5)m,ns9msk)t / vqr bb

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is importah zb7dad3:z6 dnt to humans in maint7b:d hzd adz36aining suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where thwv ay.j29d evsjepda9.);t i5kl a4c;p5 n p:ge acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heatintpv: is9l;)95 n4d2 a.y. p 5acjjvwe;dpkgeag?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built froil0 cn(2kwbk *m the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true aboutin 0k(*2lckbw the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperatya0a)whyx.yl, )jm e, wk+h r)ure of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power change ye xyaj0+ha)wylrk.w ,hm )),?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence ofnf8y eqq0f - ,us3z4tc any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Ear2)w rt;gqasvgr 5 j0 ag36ptx3th?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to howm: k1y,oe9sii 1dgx q6 much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent t q5udg,ldpf8) o how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise80tmuo5tu +z9enviu wfr249 h the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, whn 6+esvzo78pg j-uu;wad 9sp8at is the resulting temperature chang8 u-8 es9ow6ap7p; vzsj ugn+de?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally ax9) r -tv-usgxt $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of k8b.jj (8bsle 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath watejbi5fll8 jt7 7+e-du gr by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16l)rn4o *xq 5tg kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increases by ong4q l)x *tr5$35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heyyx,fx. u2y+n ated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initi9zktui smqf )80h:y: nally at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material atzky1pw: wu/5-h ; 7ee7p3mm mjz)bvxa $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make jvtpd6xpavu 1z8 awr ;(o++7fup a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One obv++o1d f (za vj8rptxwa6 up;7ject has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships between varqakxo we35 7re9jp. x5ious forrw7.x35 9o5kj eqae xpms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 my 9u 3slq/5 fgjz pu1jlhwn7/;. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the wa5 j7nz9 /3jgly/lfs; up1uwh qter rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 a( g6sl4.qwzdm,z jn4u2s y g3kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank froz26y .q u3js(g4d a mzs4nl,gwm $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg oa jn1508h ydcuf wat5u8 c01nyaj dher from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mas9g18p(z)jn yxpqg0k74c 2txg -jlav z s 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (speci .d vew5;ut3r+amgog1a: mc-hfic heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it o6e(jm/kxqsqyq04 eo .7d 5w wto liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is requ8d:h n7s izp- kv)vnl7ired to melt 200 d -7 lk)hzipvnv7:sn 8g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice s si*x.s9o3n fqcs,*1ne 9ws ux6y+ie at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from ) gqhrw (eadifv*7p--2owv (r 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g oa2 ,q0vfx;3 f xyrjew7f ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initi wosvqo6d-* +un s6(izally at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at 9w1x re a87cdh)xr(s j$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of water at 5ugmma 7i i5 5oia79em$50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram of szj i)v:s6xhc,:ls / w$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to cjtb s5nm5+7 exbhq23, cosfi.tmu3 h:hange 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot+p a1dboqq4)ims lo-) tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the he3+ev rin*g.y yat of vaporization is 207 kcal/k *e iyg+ryn3.vg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductiviv 5shku+dp: (mty of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that2r*s,/oe cok m of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joinemoe sor,c*2 k/d together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If0iu**ym e;zt;rp+/h xw/lww.wafxy / the outside temperat ; r*axui/xzflth / wym+wp;yew0/*.wure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outsidedi97 a0/d frat temperature ad7iad t90r/ fis $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m sectj5xb.we3r0h f+ *1en tsfi/flzf eb -.ion of concrete 1.fehxse*i t5/+ 0n.l-fbezw jb 3rf f($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000 f3pec,9 ;uq9b1g1moamafz l (,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal 39b4iqry/iuxfn* vvewqti+; 8 v s:x1 of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperc t/ hi,2io ow1inypdfgl-8+2 ature is monitored by measuring the radici/1,if +d2op l y wo-8tng2hiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it is i07,qtinrd53lf6ay* s bcss )at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists q,rka7r o*6 3d8bjb)v4dp r hyinside a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.